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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #11 - Respiration & Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter #11 - Respiration & Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What id the defenition of aerobic respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that takes place in the mitochondria, which uses O2 to break down glucose and other nutrients to release energy for the cell to use.

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2
Q

What ways does the human body use energy?

A
  • Contracting muscles - to move parts of the body.
  • Making proteins molecules - to move parts of the body.
  • Cell division - repair damaged tissue & to grow.
  • Active transport - move substances through membrane (up the concentration gradient).
  • Growth - building new cells which can divide to form new cells.
  • Producing heat.
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3
Q

What is the symbol and word formula for aerobic respiration?

A
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4
Q

What is the defenition of anaerobic respiration?

A

A chemical reaction in cells that break down glucose to release energy without using oxygen.

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5
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration symbol and word equation for yeast?

A
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6
Q

Which type of respiration is is most efficient (aerobic or anaerobic) and why?

A

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration because it releases more energy.

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7
Q

Where does aerobic respiration tale place?

A

In the mitochondria in cells.

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8
Q

Where does anarerobic respiration take place?

A

It takes place in the cytoplasm, not the mitochondria.

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9
Q

Can plants respire anaerobically?

A

Plants can also respire anaerobically, but only for short periods of time. Like yeast, this produces CO2.

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10
Q

Can cells in the human body respire anaerobically?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What cells in the human body respire anaerobically?

A

Muscle cells, however the equation is differently.

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12
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration in humans word equation?

A
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13
Q

When does anaerobic respiration happen in humans?

A

Happens with intense excersise when your heart and lungs cannot supply oxygen to muscles fast enough .

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14
Q

Why does anerobic respiration take place in humans?

A

Will take place to keep cells going until oxygen is available again.

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15
Q

What does lactic acid cause?

A

Build up of lactic acid causes muscle soreness and fatigue (in the moment).

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16
Q

What is important about anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

Does not use oxygen.

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17
Q

Where do animals and plants get oxygen from?

A

From there surroundings:
* Terrestial = from the air
* Aquatic = from the oxygen dissolved in water

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18
Q

What is the defenition of gas exchange surfaces?

A

A part of the body where gas exchange between the body and the enviornment takes place.

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19
Q

What must gas exchange surfaces be?

A
  • Permeable - for O2 and CO2 to move easily through.
  • Thin, to allow gases to diffuse across quickly.
  • Close to an efficient transport system, to take gases to and from body.
  • Have a large suraface area, so a lot of gas can diffuse quickly.
  • Have a good supply of O2.
20
Q

What are the steps of gas exchange and where it goes in the body?

A
  1. Air enters body through nose & mouth.
  2. Air passes through trachea (windpipe)
  3. Air enters the thorax (upper part of your body between neck and diaphragm).
  4. Air enters the alveoli
21
Q

How does the mouth and nose contribute to gas exchange?

A
  • Inside the nose: thin layer of bones + skin.
  • Goblet cells produce liquid made of water and mucus.
  • This moistens & traps dust (with help from cilia cells (which are always moving and trap bacteria + dust.
22
Q

How does air pass through the trachea?

A
  • As you breathe in and out, pressure inside the trachea changes.
  • It has rings of cartilage to make sure it does not collaps.
23
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

The larynx (voice box) has muscles that tighten to make sounds as air passes over them.

24
Q

Where is the thorax?

A

Upper part of your body between the neck and diaphragm.

25
Q

Where does the trachea lead to?

A
  • Trachea splits into 2 bronchi (right and left).
  • One bronchus goes to each lung and splits into bronchioles.
26
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

27
Q

What do lungs contain?

A

Our lungs are filled with alveoli, making them feel spongey.

28
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in humans?

A

In the alveoli.

29
Q

What are the features of alveoli?

A
  • Their walls are one cell thick.
  • tiny capillaries wrap aroundeach alveolus.
30
Q

How does gas exchange take place in the alveolus?

A

Oxygen diffuses across the walls of the alveoli into the blood (CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction).

31
Q

What are the features of alveoli?

A
  • Large SA of alll the alveoli in your lungs (over 100m^2)
  • Have good supply of oxygen because of ventilation.
  • Efficient transport ov blood to lungs by pulmonary artery to collect oxygen.
  • Also from pul onary bein back from lungs after getting rid of CO2.
32
Q

Draw a bronchioli (with alvoli) and a labled description.

A
33
Q
Label
A
34
Q

What is the defenition of ventillation?

A

The movement of air into and out of lungs by breathing movements.

35
Q

What is the defenition of inspired air?

A

The air we breathe in.

36
Q

What is the defenition of expired air?

A

The air we breathe out.

37
Q
Complete the table
A
38
Q

What are the 2 muscles that help us breathe?

A
  • Intercostal muscles (internal and external)
  • Diaphragm (controls ventillation)
39
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles between ribs that contract and relax to raise and lowe rib cage.

40
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscle that seperates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

41
Q
Complete the table
A
42
Q

What occures when we cough?

A

We need to expire extra hard, the abdominal muscles contact and help squeeze extra air out of the thorax.

43
Q

What happens to lactic acid after you stop excersising?

A
  1. It is broken down by the liver, combining it with oxygen.
  2. Therefore, oxygen is still needed after you stop excersising.
  3. This is because you still need oxygen to break down lactic acid.
  4. Your heart rate and breathing do not come down immedietley.
  5. Fast heart rate also helps to transport the lactic acid to the liver quickly.
44
Q

Oxygen dept

A

Extra oxygen that is needed after anerobic respiration has taken place, to break down the lacric acid.

45
Q
A

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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