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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #14 - Reproduction in Plants > Flashcards

Chapter #14 - Reproduction in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Aesexual reproduction

A

A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

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2
Q

How does asexual reproduction occure?

(in cells)

A

Parent cells divide to create new cells with the same genes.

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3
Q

What is an example of a plant that reproduces aesexually?

A

Potatoes

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4
Q

Describe the process in which potatoes grow

A
  1. Some stems grow above ground with leaves that photosynthesize.
  2. Others grow underground.
  3. Tubers (which swell up) grow on them (the stems underground).
  4. Sucrose is transported from the leaves down to th tubers, where stored as starch (makes them larger).
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5
Q

How do tubers swell?

A

Sucrose is transported from the leaves down to th tubers, where stored as starch. This makes them larger.

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6
Q

How many tubers can each plant grow?

A

Each plant can produce many tubers.

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7
Q

Describe the process in which potatoes reproduce aesexually

A
  1. Each plant has produced has produced many tubers.
  2. After harvesting tubers, some are kept to produce next years crop (planted underground).
  3. To get more plants, one tuber can be cut into several pieces (as long as each has a bud).
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8
Q

What other organisms produce asexually?

(besides plants)

A
  • Bacteria
  • Hydra = tiny freshwater animal, related to anemone.
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9
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A process involving the fusion of nuclei from 2 gamtes (sex cells) to form a zygote.

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10
Q

Gamtes

A

A sex cell (sperm cell/egg cell) with half the number of normal chromosomes.

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11
Q

Zygote

A

A cell (with normal number of chromosomes) that is formed by the fusion of 2 gametes with genes from both parents. This cell than divides again and again to grow into a new organism.

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12
Q

What type of offspring does sexual reproduction produce?

A

Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different to one another and to their parents.

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13
Q

What are the features of female gametes?

A
  • Tend to be large
  • They are nuclues inside an ovule
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14
Q

What is an eaxampe of a feamle gamete?

A

An egg cell

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15
Q

What is a feature of male gametes?

A

Tend to be smaller (than egg cells and in general) So, they have very little cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of a male gamete?

A
  • Male gamete is in pollen grains (plants)
  • Male gamete is called sperm (in animals)
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17
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei from 2 gametes

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18
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?

A

Humans have 2 sets of chromosomes in each cell (one from father, one from mother). Each set contains 23 chromosomes. So, in total there atre 46 in ech body cell.

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19
Q

Diploid

A

Having 2 complete sets of chromesomes (zygotes are diploids)

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20
Q

Haploid

A

A cell having only a single set of chromosomes (gametes)

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of a cell nucleus resulting in two geneticallyidenticle nuceli (i.e. with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus)

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22
Q

How are most cells made?

A

Normally, most cells divide through mitosis.

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23
Q

Why can gametes not be made through mitosis?

A

Because, they must have only half as many chromosomes as theit parent cells, so division by mitosis will not do.

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24
Q

What process are gametes made from?

A

Mesiosis

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25
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of a diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) nucleus resulting in four genetically different haploid nuclei this is sometimes called a reduction dividion.

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26
Q

Meiosis produces ____ gametes from _____ cells

A

Meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid cells

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27
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

An organism who can produce both male and female gametes (many flowering plants are this).

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28
Q

Function of a flower

A

To make gametes, and to ensure fertilisation.

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29
Q

What type of gamete do most flowers contain?

A

Both male and female gamete. Most (but not all) flowers are hermaphrodites.

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30
Q
Label the diagram
A
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31
Q

Sepals

A

Leaf-like structures that protect the flower when it’s a bud.

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32
Q

Petals

A

Colored (ususally) structer that attracts pollinators.

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33
Q

Guidlines

A

Lines running from the top to bottome of some petals. They guide insects to the base of the petal, where a gland called the nectary secretes nectar (sugary liquide) which attracts insects.

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34
Q

What are the male parts of a flower?

A
  • Stamens
  • Filaments
  • Anther
  • Pollen grains
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35
Q

What are the female parts of a flower?

A
  • Carpel
  • Ovary
  • Ovules
  • Style
  • Stigma
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36
Q

Stamen

A

Male part of the flower

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37
Q

Filament

A

Holds up anther

38
Q

Anther

A

Where pollen grains are made

39
Q

Pollen grains

A

Small structures that contain male gametes.

40
Q

Ovary

A

Part of flower that holds the ovules

41
Q

Carpel

A

Female part of the flower

42
Q

Ovules

A

Small structures that contain female gametes.

43
Q

Style

A

Part that connects the ovary to the stigma.

44
Q

Stigma

A

Part of flower that recieves pollen

45
Q

Describe a young anther (before flower bud opens)

A

A young anther has four spaces inside called ** pollen sacs** . At this stage pollen sacs have no pollen.

46
Q

Draw diagrams of how pllen grains are made and released.

A
47
Q

Describe how pollen grains are made and released

A
  1. A young anther (before flower bud opens) has 4 spaces inside called pollen sacs.
  2. Some of the cells around edges of the pollen sacs divide to make pollen grains (meiosis).
  3. When the dlower bud opens, anthers split open and pollen grains are on the outside.
48
Q

How do pollen grains look like?

A

Pollen grains look like fine (often yellow) powder.

49
Q

What is the texture of pllen grains

A
  • Some are spiky
  • Some are smoothe
50
Q

What is an important feature of pollen grains?

A

Each grain is surrounded by a hard coat, to survive in harsh conditions. The coat protects male gamete inside grain as they are carried from one flower to another.

51
Q

Where are female gametes located in plants?

A

Inside ovules in the ovary.

52
Q

What is something each ovule has which is essential for fertilisation?

A

A nucleus

53
Q

Pollenation

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma).

54
Q

What are 2 types of pollination in plants?

A
  1. self-pollination
  2. Cross-pollination
55
Q

Self-pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma of the same flower (or different flower of the same plant.

56
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma of a different plant of the same species.

57
Q

Describe and explain the petals of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Large, conspicuous petals, often with guide-lines.
  • This is because insects are attracted by flower color.
  • The bee follows the guidlines to the nectaries, brushing past the anthers (get pollen grains)
58
Q

Describe and explain the scent insect-pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • Often strongly scented
  • Insects are attracted to flower by scent.
59
Q

describe and explain what insect-pollinated flowers have at the base of their flowers

A
  • Often have nectaries at the base of the petals.
  • Nectaries secrete sap to attract insects
  • Insects have to brush past anthers to get to nectaries (pollen sticks to them)
60
Q

Describe and explain where the anthers are located in insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Anthers are inside flower
  • Insect has to brush past them to reach nectar
61
Q

describe and explain where the stigma is located in insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Inside flower
  • Insect has to brush past it to reach nectar (leave pollen grains)
62
Q

describe and explain the texture of pollen grains in insect-pollinated flowers and why?

A
  • Sticky/spikey pollen grains
  • Stick to insects
63
Q

Describe the petals in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Small, inconspicuous petals, or no petals at all.

64
Q

Describe the scent of wind-pollinated flowers

A

no scent

65
Q

Do wind-pollinated flowers have necatries?

A

No, because they do not need to attract insects.

66
Q

Describe and explain where the anthers are located in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Anthers dangle outside the flower, where they catch the wind. The anther filament is flexible to help.

67
Q

Describe and explain the stigma in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Stigma is large and feathery and dangles outside the flower, where pollen in the air may land on it.

68
Q

Describe and explain the texture of pollen grains in wind-pollinated flowers

A

smooth, light pollen, which can be blown in wind.

69
Q

Describe and expalin the quantity of pollen produced in win-pollinated flowers

A

Very large quantities of pollen made, because most will be blown away and lost.

70
Q

Describe the process of insect-pollination

A
  1. Insects are attracted to flower by color + scent
  2. Bee follows guidelines to nectaries, brushing past anthers
  3. Pollen sticks to body
  4. Bee goes to different flower
  5. Bee transfers some of the pollen into stigma
  6. Stigma is sticky and aids with this
  7. IF both flowers involved are the same species, pollination is complete
71
Q

Describe the process of wind pollination?

A
  1. Wind carries pollen between flowers
  2. They usually produce much more pollen, since a lot of it does not land on another flower.
  3. Pollen grains are smooth
  4. Flowers have no petals
  5. Anthers and stigma dangle outside flower to catch wind. Another filament is flexible to help
  6. Feathery stigma have large surface area
72
Q

What type of pollination has a higher success rate?

A

Insect pollination

73
Q

How does fertilisation begin?

A

If the pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower of the same species, it begins to grow a tube.

74
Q

How does a pollen grain grain grow a tube?

A

The pollen secretes an enzyme that digests a path towards the ovary.

75
Q

What occurs once the pollen grain arrives at the ovary?

A

The pollen nucleus (male gamete) travels down the tube and fuses with the female gamete (fertilization).

76
Q

Describe how ovules form seeds after fertilisation has occured

A

After the ovules have been fertilised, the stamen, sepal, and petals fall off. Inside the ovary, the ovules start to grow. Each ovule now contains a zygote, which divides by mitosis to form an embryo plant. Ovule is now a seed.

77
Q

What occures when the seed is formed?

A

When seeds are formed, they become dehydrated. Without water, metabolic reactions cannot take place, and the seed is dormant.

78
Q

What are the charectaristics of dormant seeds?

A
  • Can survive cold
  • Can survive drought
  • They need to be in certain conditions before it will germinate
79
Q

Intigument

A

Protective layers which surround ovules.

80
Q

What is an ovule surrounded by?

A

By protective layers called integuments.

81
Q

Micropyle

A

A small hole one side of the ovule where the pollen tube enters

82
Q

What are the advantages of aesexual reproduction?

A
  • If parents are well adapted to a specific environment, offspring will also be well adapted.
  • A single organism can reproduce on its own.
  • It does not need to wait to be pollinated or to find a mate (it is fast).
83
Q

What are the disadvantages of aesexual reproduction?

A
  • If it gets crowded there might not be enough space for plants to grow.
  • If a new disease comes along organism is not resistant.
  • I plant is not adapted to its enviornment it will not ssurvive.
84
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • If offspring are genetically unique, at least some of them should survive a new disease/ environment.
85
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Finding a mate and waiting pollination to occur takes time.
  • Can take long to wait for plant to be fertilized.
86
Q

If tulip growers want a new type of flower what type of reproduction will they use?

A

Sexual reproduction, with lick, one could turn into into commercial success.

87
Q

What occurs if tulip growers rely entirly ofn aesexual reproduction?

A

They risk all their crops being affected (pests and disease come along and spoil them)

88
Q

How much variation is in self-pollination?

A

There can be some variation, though usually not much. When gametes are made, new combinations of genes can be formed.

89
Q

How does cross-pollination vary from self-pollination?

A

In cross-pollination, there is much more variation, so fertilization produces zygotes that can be very different from each other and either their parents

90
Q

Advantages of self-pollination

A
  • Keeping varriation minimum (if plant is already well adapted to where it lives)
  • Does not have to rely on finding another plant to exchange pollen with
  • Some flowers can self-pollinate without pollinators (e.g. bees). This is very useful if there is a shortage of pollinators.
91
Q

Advantages of cross-pollination

A

Good if there is any need for more genetic information.

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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