Chapter #7 - Human Nutrition Flashcards
What is the defenition of diet?
The food an animal eats in one day.
What are the different nutrients humans need?
- Crabohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats
- Vitamines
- Minerals
- Water
What does the amount of food you eat depend on?
Only a few examples
- Age
- Gender
- Occupation
How does the enrgy of 1 gram of fat compare to the energy in 1 gram of protein or carbohydrates?
1 gram of fat contains about twice as much energy as 1 gram of protein or carbohydrates.
Why are humans able live longer without food that without water?
Because they have reserves.
What are some examples of foods that contain crabohydrates?
- Rice
- Pasta
- Weat/Bread
- Maiz
- Sweet foods
What substances is a carbohydrate made of?
Starch + Sugar
What are the uses fats and oils in humans?
- For energy.
- To make cell membrames.
- Acts as an insulator, reducing heat loss.
- Can form around organs, physicalyy protecting them.
Where do humans store excess fats and oils?
Under skin in adipose tissue (acts as an insulator). It can also form a layer around the body organs, providing mechanical protections for them.
What are some examples of foods that contain fats and oils?
- Avocado
- Egg
- Oily fish
- Olive oil
What is the defenition of adipose tissue?
Fat stores under skin.
What are the uses of proteins in humans?
- To build new cells, for growth
- Can be broken down into amino acids, and than used to make other proteins in body such as hemoglobin, insulin and antibodies.
What is hemoglobin?
It is a protein which is useful in the body
What are some examples of foods that contain protein?
- Fish
- Chicken
- Eggs
- Tofu
- Lentils
What are vitamins?
Organic substances which are only neede in samll amounts. If you don’t have enough of the vitamin, you may get a defivency disease.
What foods contain vitaine C?
Citrus fruits (organges, limes ect.) and raw vegetables.
Why is vitamine C needed?
To make a streachy protein called collagen. It is found in skin and other tissues, it keeps tissue in good repair.
What is the deficiency disease for vitamine C?
Scurvy which causes pain in joints and muscles, bleeding from gums & other places. It was a common disease with sailors because they couldn’t have fresh fruits and veggies at sea.
What food contain vitamine D?
Butter, egg yolks, but most vitamine D is made by the skin when sunlight falls on it.
Why is vitamine D needed?
It helps calcium be absorbed for making bones and teeth.
What is the deficiency disease for vitamine D?
Rickets, in which bones becaome soft and deformed.
What is the defenition of minerals?
Inorganic substances (only needed in small amounts in our diets).
What are the two minerals we need to know about?
Calcium and iron.
What are the two vitamines we need to know about?
Vitamine D and vitamine C
What foods contain calcium?
Milk and other dairy products.
Why is calcium needed?
For bones and teeth; for blood clotting (for scabs).
What is the defficiency disease for calcium?
Hypocalcemia causes brittle bones and teeth; poor blood clotting (for scabs).
What foods contain iron?
Liver, red meat, egg yolk, dark green veggies.
Why is iron needed?
For making hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood which carries oxygen.
What is the defficiency disease for iron?
Anemi in which there are not enough red blood cells, tissue do not get enough oxygen.
Why is fibre not digested?
Because humans cannot digest cellulose.
Is fibre absorbed?
No, it just passes through the digestive system.
What is the purpose of fibre?
It keeps digestive system working properly and prevents constipation.
What is peristalsis?
Rhthmic muscular contractions that move food through digestive system.
What do hard fiborous foods do?
The cause muscles to contract more strongly.
Why is water important for the human body? (5)
- Important solvent in the cytoplasm (site of chemical reaction). So, metabollic reactions cannot happen if cell is dehydrated.
- Spaces between our cells are a watery liquid.
- Liquid part of blood (plasma) is mostley water.
- It is a solvent (the one dissolving the othet substance) for enzymes and nutrienst in the digestive system.
- Needed to get rid of waste products (e.g. urea in urine)
A= Nasal cavity
B=Palate
C= Bolus of food
D= Tongue
E= Salivary gland
F= Salivery duct
G= Trachea
H= Oseophagus
I= sphincter muscle
J= Liver
K= Stomach
L= Gall bladder
M= Bile duct
N= Sphincter muscle
O= Pancreas
P= Pancreatic duct
Q= Duodenum (small intestine)
R= Ileum (small intestine)
S= Colon (large intestin)
T= Rectum (large intestine)
U= Anus
What is the order of digestion?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Physical
- Chemical - Absorption
- Assimilation
- Egestion
What is Ingestion?
Taking food and drink into the mouth using the lips, teeth and tongue.
What is physical digestion?
Large pices of food are broken down into smaller pices through mechanical means (e.g. chewing) which causes the food to gain surface area. Food than, is able to undergo chemical digestion more effectivley.