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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #10 - Disease and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter #10 - Disease and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of pathogens?

A

Disease causing microbes. (Not ALL microbes are pathogens e.g. on skin, mouth etc..)

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2
Q

What are 4 types of pathogens?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protoctists
  • Fungi
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3
Q

What are eamples of viruses?

A

Influenza, Common cold, Poliomyelitis, COVID 19, AIDS

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4
Q

What are some examples of bacteria pathogens?

A

Cholera, Syphilis, Whooping cough, Tuberculosis, Tetanus.

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5
Q

What are some examples of Protoctist pathogens?

A

Maleria, Amoebic dysentry

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6
Q

What are examples of fungi pathogens?

A

Athlete’s foot, Ringworm

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7
Q

What is the defenition of a host?

A

The organism that the pathogen lives and reproduces with.

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8
Q

What is the defenition of an infection?

A

The entry of a pathogen into the body
e.g. air, cuts, water

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9
Q

What is the defenition of a transmissible disease?

A

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be passed from one host to another (infectous, contagious)

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10
Q

How do pathogens damge our bodies?

A
  • Using up recources
  • Producing waste products called toxins which cause symptoms.
  • Some toxins are highly poisonous.
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11
Q

What is the definition of a direct contact pathogen?

A

Direct contact from an infrcted person to an uninfected person.

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of dirct contact pathogens?

A
  • The virus the causes AIDS, called HIV is passed through contact of blood.
  • The fungus that causes athetes’s foot can be passed on by sharing a towel.
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13
Q

What are four examples of indirect transmission?

A
  • Breathing droplets containing pathogens. (COVID 19, cold, influenza)
  • Touching a surface that somebody with a pathogen has touched. (salmonella, food poisoning)
  • Eating food/water that contains pathogens. (bacterium that causes cholera)
  • Contact with animals carrying pathogens. (rabies)
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14
Q

What are body defences?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hairs in nose
  3. HCl
  4. Smell and taste
  5. Mucus
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15
Q

How is skin a body defence?

A

Prevents pathogens from enetring body, if skin is broken, blood clot will form to seal wound and stop pathogen getting in.

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16
Q

How are nose hairs a body defence?

A

Help to filter out particles from air, which could contain pathogens.

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17
Q

How is HCl a body defence?

A

The stomach contains HCl which kills lots of bacteria from the food.

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18
Q

How is smell and taste a body defence?

A

If we smell or taste food that is bad we don’t want to eat it (makes us sick).

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19
Q

How is mucus a body defence?

A

Mucus in the airways traps bacteria, tha they are swept up to the back of the throat and swallowed, rather than going to the lungs.

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20
Q

How does tha body deal with pathogens that get past body defences?

A

They are destroyed by white blood cells which are triggerd by the antigens on pathogens.

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21
Q

What are the ways to prevent the transmission of pathogens?

A
  • Clean water
  • Food hygine
  • Personal hygien
  • Waste disposal
  • Sewage treatment
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22
Q

What water do we use? How is it safe?

A
  • We use water that has been cleaned + made safe to drink
  • Before it arrives at our houses it is filtered to remove dirt and treated chlorine to kill microbes.
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23
Q

Is it ok to drink dirty water?

A

Dirty water may contain pathogens, and some can be very dangerous.

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24
Q

What are the concequences of eatinf dirty food?

A

The most common is food poisoning, caused bu bacteria.

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25
Q

What are the ways we can ensure food hygeine?

A
  1. Keep our microbes away
  2. Keep animals away
  3. Keep animals away
  4. Keep raw meat away
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26
Q

At what temp. do most bacteria grow?

A

10 celcius, 48 celcius

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27
Q

How can you hav personal hygeine?

A
  • Keeping your body can clean to advoid passing on transmissible diseases.
  • Brushing our teeth 2x a day to keep microbes at bay and prevent decaying.
28
Q

What are the concequences of not having personal hygeine?

A
  • Skin makes oil to keep it supple and watreproof . If oil build up it can collect dirt + microbes.
  • Sweat, dirt and oil left on skin can be a breeding ground for bacteria.
29
Q

Why is it important to have waste disposal?

A
  • Humans produce a lot of waste.
  • Animals search for food in waste, and chemicals seep out of rubbish polluting ground/water.
30
Q

How shoul waste be disposed? What is the process?

A
  1. Waste should be collected regulary to avoid infection and pollution.
  2. Landfill sights should be managed to keep them safe.
  3. Some trash is rotted by decomposers (especially bacteria).
  4. Bacteria produce methane gas which is highly flammable
  5. It should be let out through pipesor collected to use fuel.
  6. Full landfill sites can be covered with soil and grass.
31
Q

What is sewage?

A

Waste liquid

32
Q

What is sewage made of’?

A

Mostly water but other substances like urine, faeces, toilet paper, detergent, oil, chemiclas etc..

33
Q

Where does sewage come from?

A

toilets, bathrooms, kitchens, and factories.

34
Q

What is rw sewage?

A

Untreated sewage which must be treated before going into rivers/sea becasue it can harm people and the enviornment.

35
Q

What does raw sewage contain?

A

Pathogens abd causes illness, espesially if it gets in the mouth (cholera and polio).

36
Q

How is cholera spread?

A

Through water/food that has been contaminated by the faeces of an infected person.

37
Q

Where is cholera likely to spread?

A

In less hygienic places (refugee camps) it can be spread fast.

38
Q

How does choleraattack your body?

A
  1. Cholera bacteria are ingested & multiply
  2. Bacteria attach to wall of alimentary canal
  3. Bacteria release toxin
  4. The toxin causes Cl- ions to be released
  5. The release of ions causes water to move into the lumen by osmosis.
  6. There is now a lot od water in canal, which causes diariah which causes water loss. The blood contains too little Cl- and water.
39
Q

How does cholera dangerous?

A

A person could die of dehydration or loss of chloride ions form blood.

40
Q

How can cholera be treated?

A

If enough fluid is replaced, the person will eventuallu recover.

41
Q

What is the defenition of antibodies?

A

Molecules secreted by white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes) which bind to pathogens and destroy them.

42
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • Proteins
  • Thay have a specific shape which is complementary to an antigen.
43
Q

What is the defenition of an antigen?

A

A chemical that is recognised by the body as being “foreign” and stimulates the production of antibodies.

44
Q

Where are antigens usually located?

A

On the outside of pathogens.

45
Q

How are antibodies shaped?

A

Shaped to fit the specific shape of the particular antigen.

46
Q

How does or body know a pathogen is in our body?

A

They recognise the antigens on the outsid of the pathogen (only).

47
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A
  1. Pathogens with antigens on the surface enter the body
  2. Antibodies are produces
  3. Antibodies attach to multiple antigens so the pathogens clump up.
  4. Antibodies send out signal to whit blood celld (phogocytes) (antibodies also directly destroy pathogens by latching on and digesting or destroying them)
48
Q

How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens (write the whole process down).

A
  1. Lymphocyte comes into contact with antigens, fits the shape of the antibodies it can make.
  2. lymphocyte divides, forms many identicle cells.
  3. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
  4. The antibodies bind to antigens and destroy the pathogen.
49
Q

When do lymphocytes produce antibodies and why?

A

Only when they need to, to conserve energy.

50
Q

What takes time for your body to create lymphocytes?

A
  • For the lymphocyte to recognise pathogen
  • For division/antibody to be produces (a few days).
51
Q

What is the definition of immune response?

A

The reaction of the body to the precense of an antigen.

52
Q

Draw 2 graphs of the amount of bacteria and antibodies over a series of days from when the bacteria first gets into the body.

A

Make it later

53
Q

What is the definition of a memory cell?

A

Long-lived cells produced by the division of lymphocytes that have contacted an antigen. They respond quickly to future contact.

54
Q

How long do memmory cells stay in the blood?

A

After an immune response, memmory cells stay in the blood for a long time.

55
Q

When are people vaccinated?

A

In most countries, children are vaccinated to immunise the, against disease. Adults can be vaccinated if they are at risk.

56
Q

What is the definition of a vaccine?

A

A harmless preperation of dead or inactivated pathogens that is injescted into the body to start the immune response.

57
Q

What can vaccines be made with?

A
  • Dead cells from disease
  • Pieces of cells from disease
  • Cells from a similar disease
58
Q

What part of the cell from the disease can you not use to make vaccines, and why?

A

Vaccines cannot be made from the inside of the pathogen because it has no antigens so, it would not createan immune response from the body.

59
Q
A
60
Q

What is the definition of active immunity?

A

When a body makes its own antibodies and memmory cell that protect it against a disease, it is usually long lasting.

61
Q

How does a person get active immunity?

A
  • Having the disease
  • Being vaccinated
62
Q

What is the definition of passive immunity

A
63
Q

Who does poliomyelitis effect and how?

A

Usually infects children and can leave them partially paralysed.

64
Q

Why has polio not been completely erradicated yet?

A

Scientists are trying to erradicate it, but some people are resisting efforts to vaccionate children.

65
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Vaccinating enough individuals protects the whole “herd” of people, even the ones who have not been vaccinated.

66
Q

Why does herd immunity work?

A

Because there are fewer places for the measles viruses to replicate.

67
Q
A

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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