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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #2 (Cells) & Chapter #3 (Movement in and out of cells) > Flashcards

Chapter #2 (Cells) & Chapter #3 (Movement in and out of cells) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of cells?

A

The smallest units from which all organisms are made of.

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2
Q

What are the two things organisms can be?

A

Unicellular (made of only one cell)

Multicellular (made of more than one cell)

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3
Q

What is the definition of an organelle?

A

The parts of a cell.

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cytoplasm.
It controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is partially permeable - Allows some molecules and ions to pass through but not all.

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5
Q

What is the
cell wall?

A

A layer of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane. Protects and supports the cell. Animal cells DO NOT have a cell wall. Cell walls are fully. permeable - Allow all molecules and ions to pass through.

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A clear jelly material that fills the cell. Mostly composed of water (70%) and has substances dissolved in it. Metabolic reactions (Chemical reactions that happen in living things-)take place here.

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7
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A fluid filled space, with its own membrane around it. Plants have large vacuoles which contain cell sap, helps plant keep shape. Animals have small vacuoles called vesicles.

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8
Q

What is the Nucleus (plural=nuclei)

A

Stores genetic info. (DNA) as chromosomes (inherited from parents). Chromosomes are made of DNA. DNA determines which proteins are made in each cell. Note: Chromosomes are long and thin, easiest to see when cell is dividing.

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9
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Found in MOST plant cells (especially green parts), NEVER found in animal cells. Contains green pigment call chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight (preforms photosynthesis). Chloroplasts also contain starch grains which store food that is made during photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What are mitochondria (-on if single)

A

preform aerobic respiration (Chemical reaction where energy is released from food +O2 (main way cells get energy)). Found in most plant and animals cells. More energy needed mor mitochondria.

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11
Q

What is different in bacteria cells from plant and animal cells?

A

Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (cell wall has same roles)

Have no membrane around DNA (nucleus) (contain circular DNA)

Some bacteria have plasmids

Some bacteria have flagella(s)

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12
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Prokaryotic cells sometimes have one ore more circles of DNA, known as plasmids. Scientists use this for genetic modification.

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13
Q

What is/are flagella(s)?

A

Some bacteria have long hair like structures that help them move around.

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14
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

“Pro” meaning before
“karyotic” meaning nucleus.
Bacteria are prokaryotic. These cells appeared millions of years ago (before cells with nucleus). Instead of a nucleus the have a circle of DNA.

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15
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Magnification = Size of image/Actual size

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16
Q

How do you use the triangle for magnification equations?

A

I A M
I am
I on the top
A on the bottom left
M on the bottom right

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17
Q

How do cells create knew cells?

A

Through cell division.

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18
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

Specialized cells are cells adapted to preform a specific function.

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19
Q

Name 7 specialized cells.

A

Ciliated cell
Neuron
Red blood cell
Sperm cell
Egg cells
Root hair cell
Palisade mesophyll

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20
Q

Where is the ciliated cell found, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Found: In the lining the trachea and bronchi
animal cell
Function: membrane extensions (cilia) help to move mucus upwards and out (move like a wave)

21
Q

Where is the neuron found, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Found: nervous system of animals.
Function: conduct electrical pulses.

22
Q

Where are red blood cell found, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Found: blood of mammals
Function: transport oxygen (no nucleus)

23
Q

Where is the sperm cell produced, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Produced: in the testes of mammals
Function: The male gamete in sexual reproduction (they are very small so they have very little cytoplasm.

24
Q

Where is the egg cell produced, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Produced: The ovaries of mammals
Function: female gamete in sexual reproduction.

25
Q

Where is the root hair cell found, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Found: near tips of flowering cells.
Function: absorption of water + mineral ions (increased surface area.

26
Q

Where is the palisade mesophyl cell found, what is its function and is it a animal or plant cell?

A

Found: At the top of flowering plants.
Function: photosynthesis.

27
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

the random movement of particles that causes them to mix and spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

28
Q

Where can diffusion occur?

A

it occurs in liquids and gases.

29
Q

Do particles ever move from a low concentration to a high concentration?

A

Usually only if you add energy.

30
Q

When do the particles stop moving in diffusion?

A

Never. The particles never stop moving in diffusion.

31
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane.

32
Q

What is osmosis in terms of water potential?

A

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.

33
Q

What is the definition of high water potential?

A

An area where there are a lot of water molecules (a dilute solution).

34
Q

What is the definition of low water potential?

A

An area where there are not many water molecules (a concentrated solution).

35
Q

What is water potential gradient?

A

A difference in water potential between two areas.

36
Q

what is turgor pressure?

A

the force of water within a cell that pushes outwards on a plant cell wall (in animal cells the cell membrane).

37
Q

How will the turgor pressure affect animal cells and plant cells differently?

A

Animal cells : more likely to “pop” as cell fills with water.
Plant cells : Protected from cell wall (less likely to “pop”).

38
Q

What is the definition of turgid?

A

The pressure within cells that make it firm/rigid. (reaches max. capacity)

39
Q

What is the meaning of plasmolysis?

A

A description of a cell in which the cell membrane tears away from cell wall (can kill a plant cell)

40
Q

What is the definition of hypertonic?

A

A higher concentration of solute in a solution than in cell. (Cell becomes flaccid).

41
Q

What is the definition of flaccid?

A

A description of a plant cell that is soft.

42
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

The movement of molecules or ions through a cell membrane. It is a process for molecules that can’t pass through a partially permeable membrane. They use shuttle proteins which are specialized (embedded in membrane) to move molecules from one side of membrane to other. Energy is needed for this process to happen and it happens up the gradient. Use energy from resperation. Area of low concentration to high concentration.

43
Q

What are chemical reactions that take place in organisms called?

A

Metabolic reactions

44
Q

What part of a plat cell contains starch grains?

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

What structures in a cell can we see with a good light microscope?

A

The cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus and chloroplasts?

46
Q

What structure of the plant cell can you only see with an electron microscope?

A

Ribosomes and mitochondria

47
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to preform a particular function.

48
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A group of tissue that work together to preform a particular function

49
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Protein molecules in molecules in cell membranes that can use energy to change shape and move or molecules into or out of a cell.

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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