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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #1 - Characteristics & Classifications of Living Organisms > Flashcards

Chapter #1 - Characteristics & Classifications of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of an organism?

A

A living thing - a group of organ systems that work together to preform a specific function.

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2
Q

How do you remember the characteristics of all organisms?

A

MRS GREN

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3
Q

What are the 7 characteristics all organisms have?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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4
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A

Grouping things

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5
Q

What the definition of movement?

A

The ability of an organism, or part of it to change position or place.

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6
Q

What is an example of movement in plants.

A

Change positions to respond to position of the Sun.

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7
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

The chemical reaction that takes place in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrient molecules to release energy for the cell to use.

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8
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity?

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.

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9
Q

What are some external and internal examples of sensitivity?

A

External:
Use ears to detect if someone is talking

Plants detect direction of sun and turn to face it

Internal:
Temp in blood

Sensitivity to pathogens

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10
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass.

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11
Q

What is dry mass?

A

It is measured when an organism is dead. It is the mass of the organism when all the water has been removed.

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12
Q

What is the definition of reproduction?

A

The process that makes more of the same kind of organism. Not every individual organism can reproduce, but in general, the species can reproduce.

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13
Q

What is the definition of
excretion?

A

The removal of the waste products of metabolism and any substance that the organism has too much of.

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14
Q

What are some examples of excretion?

A
  • Humans excrete carbon dioxide
  • Urin
  • Plants excrete oxygen, and a little bit of carbon dioxide.
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15
Q

What is the definition of nutrition?

A

Taking in materials for energy, growth and development.

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16
Q

What is a species in the classification pyramid?

A

Species are the smallest group that biologists classify living organisms into.

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17
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

A group of organisms which can reproduce with each other to produce fertile offspring.

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18
Q

What is the second most specific way to group animals?

A

The Genus

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19
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

A way to name animals. the first word is the genus and the second is the species it belongs to.

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20
Q

Why do common names not work?

A

Because species can have different named in different parts of the world.

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21
Q

What are the rules in writing a animal in the binomial naming system?

A

The genus name is capitalized

The species name is not

It is all written in italics

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22
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

Process by which living organisms have developed from earlier organisms.

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23
Q

How has using DNA revolutionized classification?

A

Each species has a specific number of chromosomes and a unique sequence of DNA bases which makes it possible to distinguish one species from another. Especially species which look similar but are ultimately different.

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24
Q

What is genome?

A

A complete set of genetic information for a specieis.

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25
Q

What is the animal kingdom called?

A

Anamalia

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of the animal kingdom?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Cells have no cell wall or chloroplasts, but they have a nucleus.
  • feed on organic substances made by other organisms (don’t produce own food).
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27
Q

what are the characteristics of the plant kingdom?

A
  • Cells have a nucleus, cell wall made of cellulose, often have chloroplasts.
  • Feed by photosynthesis.
  • MOST have roots, stems and leaves.
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the fungus kingdom?

A
  • USUALLY multicellular (exceptions)
  • Have a nucleus and cell wall (not made of cellulose)
  • No chlorophyll
  • Are decomposers (feed by digesting waste organic matter and absorbing it into there cells).
  • Reproduce by producing spores.
  • Main body made of microscopic threads called hyphae.
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29
Q

What is the main body of a fungus made of?

A

Microscopic threads called hyphae.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the protoctist kingdom (Protist)

A
  • Mix of different organisms.
  • Are multicellular or unicellular.
  • Cells have a nucleus
  • SOME have cell wall and chloroplasts
  • SOME feed through photosynthesis, OTHERS feed through organic matter produced by other organisms.
31
Q

What animals are vertebrates?

A
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
32
Q

What are vertabrates?

A

Vertabrates are animals that have back bones.

33
Q

What are the charectaristics of fish?

A
  • Are vertabrates with scaley skin
  • Have gills througout their life.
  • Have fins
  • Eggs have no shells and are laid in water.
34
Q

What is an example of a fish that can go to land in short periods of time?

A

The mudskipper.

35
Q

What is the defenition of metamorphosis?

A

Changing from a larva with one body form to an adult with different body form.

36
Q

What are the charectaristics of an amphibian?

A
  • Vertabrates with skin and no scales.
  • Eggs have no shells, laid in water.
  • tadpoles (larva) live in water but adults often live on land.
  • Tdpoles have gills for gas exchange ,but adults have lungs.
37
Q

What are the charectaristics of a reptile?

A
  • Vertabrates wilth scaley skin.
  • Lay eggs with soft but waterproof shells to stop from drying out.
  • Lay eggs on land
38
Q

What is the defenition of organic substances?

A

Substances whoes molecules contain carbon; in bio, we normally consider organic compounds to be ones that are made by living things.

39
Q

What is the defenition of clorophyll?

A

A green pigment that absorbes energy from light; the enrgy is used to combine carbon dioxide with water and make glucose.

40
Q

What is the defenintion of cellulose?

A

A carbohydrate that forms long fibres, and makes up the cell walls of plants.

41
Q

What are birds evolved from?

A

Dinosours.

42
Q

What are the charectaristics of birds?

A
  • They have feathers (sometimes a few scales).
  • Have a beak.
  • Front two limbs are wings (not all birds can fly).
  • lay eggs with hard shells.
43
Q

What are the charectaristics of mammals?

A
  • Have hair on their skin.
  • babies develop in a uterus, attached to mother by a placenta.
  • Females have mammary glands which produce milk to feed their ypung.
  • Have different kinds of teeth.
  • have a pinna on the outside of the body.
  • Have sweat glands on skin
  • They have a diaphragm
44
Q

What is the defenition of a pinna?

A

A flap on the outside of the body which directs sound into ear.

45
Q

What is the defenition of placenta?

A

An organ that connects the growing fetus to its mother, in which blood of fetus and mother are brought close together so that materials can be exchanged between them

46
Q

What is the defenition of mammary glands?

A

organs found only in mammals. produce milk to feed young.

47
Q

What is the defenition of the diaphragm?

A

A muscle which seperates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in ammmals; it helps with breathing.

48
Q

What are arthropods?

A

An animal with jointed legs but no backbone.

49
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

A hard covering that supports and protects the bodies of arthropods. (Makes bodies waterproof).

50
Q

What ares some of the charectaristics of crutaceans?

A
  • Arthropods with more than 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • Two pairs of antenea
  • breath through gills (most are aquatic)
51
Q

What is the defenition of aquatic?

A

Living in water.

52
Q

What are three examples of crustaceans?

A
  1. Crabs
  2. Lobsters
  3. Woodlice
53
Q

What are insects?

A

They are a group of arthropods with an exoskeleton and trachea (both are good at stopping water from evaporating from isects bodies). This makes it possible for them to live in dry places.

54
Q

What is the most succesful grooup of arthropods?

A

Insects

55
Q

What are the charectaristics of insects?

A
  • Three pairs of jointed legs (six legs)
  • Two pairs of wings (one or both pairs may be vestigial)
  • Breath trhough tubes called trachea.
  • Body is divides into head, thorax and abdomen.
  • Have one pair of antenea.
56
Q

What are the groups in the platnt kingdome?

A
  • Ferns
  • Flowering plants
    1. Dicotyledons
    2. Monocotyledons
57
Q

What are the charectaristics of flowering plants?

A
  • Plants with roots, stems and leaves.
  • They reproduce using flowers and seeds
  • Their seeds are produces inside an ovary
  • Cotyledons
58
Q

What are the charectaristics of ferns?

A
  • They are plants with roots, stems and leaves (fronds).
  • They do not produce flowers
  • They reproduce by spores produced on the undersides of their fronds.
59
Q

What are the two different types of flowering plants.

A
  1. Dicotyledons (Dicots)
  2. Monocotyledons (Monocots)
60
Q

What are the charectaristics of dicots?

A
  • 2 cotyledons
  • Usually have main root with side roots coming from it.
  • Leves have network of veins.
  • Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5.
  • Vascular bundles in the stem arranged in a ring.
61
Q

What are the charectaristics of monocots?

A
  • Seeds with 1 cotelydon
  • Roots groe directly from stem (no “main” root).
  • Leaves have parallel veins
  • Flower parts in multiples of 3.
  • Vascular bundles in the stem, arranged randomly.
62
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Things inside seeds of flowering plants.

63
Q

What charectaristics of life that viruses do not have?

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Growth
    Excretion
64
Q

Are viruses living organisms?

A

No

65
Q

Draw a labled diagram of a virus

A
66
Q

What do viruses not have that cells do have?

A
  • No nucleus
  • No organelle
  • No cell membrane (just a protein coat).
67
Q

Is a virus considered a cell?

A

No

68
Q

What is the viral infector sequence?

A
  1. Virus infects cell
  2. Releases RNA
  3. Cell produces viral components
  4. Virus particles assemble
  5. Virus bursts cell membrane to infect other cells.
69
Q

How does virus work?

A
  1. Viruses penetrate host cell
  2. Takes over “cell machinery”, making cell produce viral DNA and proteins
  3. new virus particles assemble inside host
  4. Eventually burst out of cell
  5. Invade other cells
  6. Cycle repeats
70
Q

What is the cell the virus takes over called?

A

The host cell

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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