Chapter #4 - Biological Molecules

Question 1

What nutrients are we made of?

Answer 1

• 62% water
• 16% protein
  *16% fat
• 1% carbohydrate
• 5% other: calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in bones, ions etc.

Question 2

How many times can hydrogen bond?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

How many times can carbon bond?

Answer 3

4 times

Question 4

How many times can oxygen bond

Answer 4

2 times

Question 5

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Glucose, starch, cellulose

Question 6

What are all carbohydrates made of?

Answer 6

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 7

How many hydrogen atoms does a carbohydrate contain compared to the other 2 atoms it contains (roughly)?

Answer 7

One molecule contains about twice as many H atoms than C or O

Question 8

What is the formula for glucose?

Answer 8

C6H12O6

Question 9

What is the simplest type of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

Sugars. They are set to the taste and soluble in water and they are one of the smallest molecules. One type of sugar is glucose

Question 10

What is the definition of glucose?

Answer 10

A sugar used for respiration to release energy.

Question 11

How are the atoms of glucose arranged?

Answer 11

In a hexagon shape

Question 12

How does glucose get to cells?

Answer 12

It dissolves in blood plasma which delivers it to cells (cells need glucose for energy)

Question 13

What is starch?

Answer 13

Starch is glucose molecules linked together. They coil together. These are used as an energy store for plant cells.

Question 14

What is cellulose?

Answer 14

It is a carbohydrate plants make. It is made of linked glucose molecules and form straight lines.

Question 15

What is glycogen?

Answer 15

A carbohydrate that is used as an energy storage in animal cells

Question 16

What are fats?

Answer 16

Lipids that are solids at room temp.

Question 17

What oils?

Answer 17

Lipids that are liquids at room temp.

Question 18

What elements do fats and oils contain?

Answer 18

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 19

What is the molecular structure of lipids?

Answer 19

1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules

Question 20

What are the purposes of lipids?

Answer 20

Make cell membranes
Used as energy store
used as heat insulator

Question 21

What is the test for fats and oils?

Answer 21

The Ethanol Emulsion test
If food contains lipids, water will turn cloudy (the lipids will form small droplets in the water)

Question 22

What does emulsion mean?

Answer 22

A liquid containing two substances that do not fully mix; one of them forms tiny droplets dispersed throughout the other.

Question 23

What elements do proteins contain?

Answer 23

Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

sometimes small amount sulfur

Question 24

What are proteins made of?

Answer 24

amino acids

there are 20 different kinds of amino acids

Question 25

What are biological molecules?

Answer 25

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins

Question 26

What are antibodies?

Answer 26

molecules secreted (released) white blood cells, which bind to pathogens to help destroy them.

Question 27

What is the definition of pathogens?

Answer 27

microorganisms that cause disease.

Question 28

What are some of the purposes of protein in the body?

Answer 28

Antibodies are proteins

hemoglobin (red pigment that transports oxygen in mammalian blood is a kind of protein.

Proteins help forming cell membranes in all organisms.

In HUMANS , hair and fingernails are made from a protein called keratin.

Question 29

What is the test for protein?

Answer 29

The Biuret test
if protein is present solution will turn from blue to violet.

Question 30

What is the test for vitamin C

Answer 30

Using purple solution called DCPIP
If vitamin C is present DCPIP loses purple color.