Chapter #4 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
What nutrients are we made of?
- 62% water
- 16% protein
- 16% fat
- 1% carbohydrate
- 5% other: calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in bones, ions etc.
How many times can hydrogen bond?
1
How many times can carbon bond?
4 times
How many times can oxygen bond
2 times
What are examples of carbohydrates?
Glucose, starch, cellulose
What are all carbohydrates made of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
How many hydrogen atoms does a carbohydrate contain compared to the other 2 atoms it contains (roughly)?
One molecule contains about twice as many H atoms than C or O
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is the simplest type of carbohydrates?
Sugars. They are set to the taste and soluble in water and they are one of the smallest molecules. One type of sugar is glucose
What is the definition of glucose?
A sugar used for respiration to release energy.
How are the atoms of glucose arranged?
In a hexagon shape
How does glucose get to cells?
It dissolves in blood plasma which delivers it to cells (cells need glucose for energy)
What is starch?
Starch is glucose molecules linked together. They coil together. These are used as an energy store for plant cells.
What is cellulose?
It is a carbohydrate plants make. It is made of linked glucose molecules and form straight lines.
What is glycogen?
A carbohydrate that is used as an energy storage in animal cells
What are fats?
Lipids that are solids at room temp.
What oils?
Lipids that are liquids at room temp.
What elements do fats and oils contain?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
What is the molecular structure of lipids?
1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules
What are the purposes of lipids?
Make cell membranes
Used as energy store
used as heat insulator
What is the test for fats and oils?
The Ethanol Emulsion test
If food contains lipids, water will turn cloudy (the lipids will form small droplets in the water)
What does emulsion mean?
A liquid containing two substances that do not fully mix; one of them forms tiny droplets dispersed throughout the other.
What elements do proteins contain?
Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sometimes small amount sulfur
What are proteins made of?
amino acids
there are 20 different kinds of amino acids
What are biological molecules?
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
What are antibodies?
molecules secreted (released) white blood cells, which bind to pathogens to help destroy them.
What is the definition of pathogens?
microorganisms that cause disease.
What are some of the purposes of protein in the body?
Antibodies are proteins
hemoglobin (red pigment that transports oxygen in mammalian blood is a kind of protein.
Proteins help forming cell membranes in all organisms.
In HUMANS , hair and fingernails are made from a protein called keratin.
What is the test for protein?
The Biuret test
if protein is present solution will turn from blue to violet.
What is the test for vitamin C
Using purple solution called DCPIP
If vitamin C is present DCPIP loses purple color.
