Chapter 9 - Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
1%
What is the average onset age of schizophrenia?
15-45 years old
**Symptoms gradual
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Exaggerated/distorted behaviour
Hallucinations (auditory > visual)
Delusions
Disorganized speech and thought
What are the 5 common delusions?
Persecutory
Referential
Somatic
Religious
Grandiose
What is persecutory delusion?
Believe being pursued/targeted
What is referential delusion?
Belief that common, meaningless occurrences significant to self
Ex. news anchor talking to “me”
What is somatic delusion?
Perception of change/disturbance in personal appearance or bodily function
Ex. man believe pregnant
What is religious delusion?
Unusual religious experiences/beliefs
What is grandiose delusion?
Believe in possession of special powers and abilities
Ex. I am god
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Deficits/losses in normal functioning
Avolition
Restricted effect
Anhedonia
Deterioration of proficiency
What is avolition?
Inability to initiate and persevere in activities
What is restricted affect?
Failure to convey feelings in face, tone of voice, or body language
What is anhedonia?
Lack of pleasure/reward in experiences
What are the motor symptoms of schizophrenia?
Deficits in mobility
Grossly disorganized behaviour
Catatonic behaviour
What is grossly disorganized behaviour?
Difficulty with goal-directed behaviour
What is catatonic behaviour?
Reduced responsiveness to environment
What is wax flexibility?
Move body then maintain position
What are the DSM-5 criterion for schizophrenia?
Presence of 2+ symptoms for 1-month period
Social dysfunction
Persistence for 6+ months
Exclusion of substance use/medical conditions, consideration of ASD/communication disorder
What is substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder?
When symptoms occur following use/abuse of substances/medication
What is brief psychotic disorder?
Key symptoms of schizophrenia lasting < 1 month
What is schizophreniform disorder?
Key symptoms of schizophrenia with duration of 1-6 months
What is delusional disorder?
Persistent delusions for 1+ months without other schizophrenic symptoms
What is schizoaffective disorder?
Schizophrenic symptoms but concurrent with major depressive or manic episode
What are the 2 critiques of DSM-5?
Relies on person’s symptoms and history
Subjectivity
What are 4 markers of schizophrenia?
Vulnerability
Genetics
Endophenotypes
Eye movement
What are the historical theories of schizophrenia?
Weak/primitive ego
Unable to distinguish wishes/fears from reality
“Schizophrenogenic” mother: severely rejecting mother
Collective unconscious
What is Weinberger’s theory of schizophrenia?
Inherit genetic defect creating vulnerability to disorder
Maturational stresses = psychotic crisis
What is Walker’s theory of schizophrenia?
“Switches” in brain turned on by stress experiences in late adolescence
Biological vulnerability = cannot cope with stress
What is the neurodevelopmental diathesis-stress theory of schizophrenia?
Biological vulnerability interacts with maturation, stress, and life events causing schizophrenia
What are the 2 biological factors of schizophrenia?
Family history
Environment
What are “schizogenes”?
Complex multiple gene models accounting for inheritance of schizophrenia
What are epigenetic mechanisms?
Processes that turn genes “on and off”
How do pregnancy and birth contribute to schizophrenia?
Mother’s exposure to common viruses during pregnancy
Birth-related complications
What are attenuated symptoms?
Strange beliefs/experiences
Cognitive defects
Motor problems
What are 3 environmental factors that could increase risk of schizophrenia?
Traumatic childhood experiences
Marijuana use
Negative expressed emotion in family
How is the frontal/prefrontal lobe related to schizophrenia?
Damage = similar symptoms to schizophrenia
Schizophrenic patients deficiency in frontal region functioning tests
What 3 brain structural abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
Larger ventricles
Reduced grey matter volume
Cortical thinning
What is diffusion tensor imaging?
Examine white matter in brain and tissues most affected by schizophrenia
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
Drugs that lower dopamine levels reduce symptoms of schizophrenia
What are the 3 “great and desperate” treatments of schizophrenia?
Prolonged barbiturate-induced sleep therapy
Insulin coma
Psychosurgery
What 2 antipsychotic medications treat schizophrenia?
Promethazine
Chlorpromazine
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Involuntary movements, side effect of long-term use of typical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotics ________ activity of neurotransmitters like _________ and _________.
Decreases; dopamine; serotonin
Typical antipsychotics works better for ________ symptoms whereas atypical antipsychotics works for _________ symptoms.
Positive; both positive and negative
What 4 factors does CBT focus on?
Emotional disturbance
Psychotic symptoms
Social disabilities
Relapse
What is cognitive remediation?
Target higher-level thinking skills to enhance cognitive ability
