Chapter 9 - Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

1%

Question 2

What is the average onset age of schizophrenia?

Answer 2

15-45 years old

**Symptoms gradual

Question 3

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 3

Exaggerated/distorted behaviour

Hallucinations (auditory > visual)

Delusions

Disorganized speech and thought

Question 4

What are the 5 common delusions?

Answer 4

Persecutory

Referential

Somatic

Religious

Grandiose

Question 5

What is persecutory delusion?

Answer 5

Believe being pursued/targeted

Question 6

What is referential delusion?

Answer 6

Belief that common, meaningless occurrences significant to self

Ex. news anchor talking to “me”

Question 7

What is somatic delusion?

Answer 7

Perception of change/disturbance in personal appearance or bodily function

Ex. man believe pregnant

Question 8

What is religious delusion?

Answer 8

Unusual religious experiences/beliefs

Question 9

What is grandiose delusion?

Answer 9

Believe in possession of special powers and abilities

Ex. I am god

Question 10

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 10

Deficits/losses in normal functioning

Avolition

Restricted effect

Anhedonia

Deterioration of proficiency

Question 11

What is avolition?

Answer 11

Inability to initiate and persevere in activities

Question 12

What is restricted affect?

Answer 12

Failure to convey feelings in face, tone of voice, or body language

Question 13

What is anhedonia?

Answer 13

Lack of pleasure/reward in experiences

Question 14

What are the motor symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 14

Deficits in mobility

Grossly disorganized behaviour

Catatonic behaviour

Question 15

What is grossly disorganized behaviour?

Answer 15

Difficulty with goal-directed behaviour

Question 16

What is catatonic behaviour?

Answer 16

Reduced responsiveness to environment

Question 17

What is wax flexibility?

Answer 17

Move body then maintain position

Question 18

What are the DSM-5 criterion for schizophrenia?

Answer 18

Presence of 2+ symptoms for 1-month period

Social dysfunction

Persistence for 6+ months

Exclusion of substance use/medical conditions, consideration of ASD/communication disorder

Question 19

What is substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder?

Answer 19

When symptoms occur following use/abuse of substances/medication

Question 20

What is brief psychotic disorder?

Answer 20

Key symptoms of schizophrenia lasting < 1 month

Question 21

What is schizophreniform disorder?

Answer 21

Key symptoms of schizophrenia with duration of 1-6 months

Question 22

What is delusional disorder?

Answer 22

Persistent delusions for 1+ months without other schizophrenic symptoms

Question 23

What is schizoaffective disorder?

Answer 23

Schizophrenic symptoms but concurrent with major depressive or manic episode

Question 24

What are the 2 critiques of DSM-5?

Answer 24

Relies on person’s symptoms and history

Subjectivity

Question 25

What are 4 markers of schizophrenia?

Answer 25

Vulnerability Genetics Endophenotypes Eye movement

Question 26

What are the historical theories of schizophrenia?

Answer 26

Weak/primitive ego Unable to distinguish wishes/fears from reality "Schizophrenogenic" mother: severely rejecting mother Collective unconscious

Question 27

What is Weinberger's theory of schizophrenia?

Answer 27

Inherit genetic defect creating vulnerability to disorder Maturational stresses = psychotic crisis

Question 28

What is Walker's theory of schizophrenia?

Answer 28

"Switches" in brain turned on by stress experiences in late adolescence Biological vulnerability = cannot cope with stress

Question 29

What is the neurodevelopmental diathesis-stress theory of schizophrenia?

Answer 29

Biological vulnerability interacts with maturation, stress, and life events causing schizophrenia

Question 30

What are the 2 biological factors of schizophrenia?

Answer 30

Family history Environment

Question 31

What are "schizogenes"?

Answer 31

Complex multiple gene models accounting for inheritance of schizophrenia

Question 32

What are epigenetic mechanisms?

Answer 32

Processes that turn genes "on and off"

Question 33

How do pregnancy and birth contribute to schizophrenia?

Answer 33

Mother's exposure to common viruses during pregnancy Birth-related complications

Question 34

What are attenuated symptoms?

Answer 34

Strange beliefs/experiences Cognitive defects Motor problems

Question 35

What are 3 environmental factors that could increase risk of schizophrenia?

Answer 35

Traumatic childhood experiences Marijuana use Negative expressed emotion in family

Question 36

How is the frontal/prefrontal lobe related to schizophrenia?

Answer 36

Damage = similar symptoms to schizophrenia Schizophrenic patients deficiency in frontal region functioning tests

Question 37

What 3 brain structural abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?

Answer 37

Larger ventricles Reduced grey matter volume Cortical thinning

Question 38

What is diffusion tensor imaging?

Answer 38

Examine white matter in brain and tissues most affected by schizophrenia

Question 39

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 39

Drugs that lower dopamine levels reduce symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 40

What are the 3 "great and desperate" treatments of schizophrenia?

Answer 40

Prolonged barbiturate-induced sleep therapy Insulin coma Psychosurgery

Question 41

What 2 antipsychotic medications treat schizophrenia?

Answer 41

Promethazine Chlorpromazine

Question 42

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 42

Involuntary movements, side effect of long-term use of typical antipsychotics

Question 43

Atypical antipsychotics ________ activity of neurotransmitters like _________ and _________.

Answer 43

Decreases; dopamine; serotonin

Question 44

Typical antipsychotics works better for ________ symptoms whereas atypical antipsychotics works for _________ symptoms.

Answer 44

Positive; both positive and negative

Question 45

What 4 factors does CBT focus on?

Answer 45

Emotional disturbance Psychotic symptoms Social disabilities Relapse

Question 46

What is cognitive remediation?

Answer 46

Target higher-level thinking skills to enhance cognitive ability