Chapter 14 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
What were people with neurodevelopmental disorders viewed as historically?
Subhuman
What was eugenics?
Movement of segregation, sterilization, restriction of marriages, and institutionalization to protect society from “mental retardation”
What term was used to replace ‘mental retardation’?
Intellectual disability
What was the cut-off point of IQ for intellectual disabilities?
70
What are the challenges of assessing intelligence?
IQ tests not accurate
Scores @ lower end not valid
What are the factors measured for adaptive behaviour?
Communication
Daily living skills
Socialization
Motor skills
What are the interviewing strategies of intellectual disabilities?
“Cloak of competence”
Acquiscence
What is cloak of competence?
Tendency to overestimate higher functioning individuals with disabilities by “normal” appearance/abilities
Disabled person feels need to deny handicap due to stigma
What is acquiescence?
Tendency of individuals with developmental disorders to say yes in interviews
What are the different types of inheritance and what are the differences between them?
Dominant: one parent defective gene
Recessive: both parents carry defective gene
X or sex-linked: abnormal gene on X chromosome
What is fragile X syndrome?
Genetic disorder causing range of developmental issues
How do chromosomes affect intellectual disabilities?
Abnormal # chromosomes
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Metabolic disorder where liver unable to metabolize phenylalanine, toxic build up leading to ID
What are environmental causes of intellectual disabilities?
Maternal infections
Birth complications
What causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?
Drinking during pregnancy
What are the deficits in cognitive/executive functioning of FASD?
Learning problems to severe ID
Problems with impulse control, ADHD, socialization
What are the postnatal environmental factors of intellectual disabilities?
Poverty
Prevention and early intervention programs
What is deinstitutionalization?
Guided by normalization principle
Mainstreaming
Community living
Sex education
What is the normalization principle?
Lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible
What is mainstreaming?
Goal of full inclusion in social, recreational, and educational contexts
What is community living?
Individuals with disabilities learn life skills for own needs
What is dual diagnosis?
Person with ID also diagnosed with psychiatric disorder
People with ID at more risk of developing _________ and _________ problems associated with mental health disorder.
Emotional; behavioural
What is the treatment for dual diagnosis?
Psychopharmacology
Behavioural approaches
CBT
What are the behavioural approaches of treatment for dual diagnosis?
Positive reinforcement
Alternative replacement behaviours
Natural consequences
Environmental accomodations
Who first identified autism spectrum disorder?
Leo Kanner
What are the physical indications of autism spectrum disorder?
Limited communication and responsiveness
Unusual behavioural patterns
What are 3 factors of autism spectrum disorder?
Social interactions
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Behaviour and interests
What is echolalia?
Repeating another person’s words/phrases
What is pronoun reversal?
Refer to selves as he/she rather than I
A small portion of autism spectrum disorder are ________, which means they have…
Savants; exceptional abilities/memories
What are the diagnostic issues of autism spectrum disorder?
Classification has evolved
Asperger’s disorder
What is asperger’s disorder?
Impaired social skills, but indicate interest in socialization
What are the genetic factors of autism?
High frequency among siblings
Fragile X and PKU
Genetic cause
What did Wakefield’s study on scientific fraud discover?
MMR vaccine and the appearance of autism and GI symptoms
There is a trend of ________ autism diagnosis by year of birth, and a _________ of MMR vaccination rates.
Increasing; decrease
What are the treatments for autism?
Medication/nutritional supplements
Behavioural interventions
Communication systems
Social skills interventions
What are the 3 medications for autism and what are they for?
SSRIs: perseverative behaviour
Antipsychotics: hyperactivity
Nutritional supplements: limited effectiveness
What are the behavioural interventions for autism?
Address tantrums, aggression, self injury
Behavioural analysis
Early intensive behavioural interventions
How were learning disorders defined in the 19th century?
Intelligent/physically healthy individuals who were unable to read/write
What is the diagnostic criteria for learning disorders?
Persistent difficulties in learning
Poor performance
Academic difficulties
Not attributed to other conditions
What are the criticisms of the diagnosis for learning disorders?
Lack of consensus
Assessment of cognitive deficits not required in DSM
Cognitive deficits as defining features
What are the 3 subtypes of learning disorders?
Impairment in reading
Impairment in mathematics
Impairment in written expression
What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in reading?
Impairment in phonological processing
Trouble with rhyme, syllables, speech sounds
Reading difficulties
What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in mathematics?
Difficulty with numerical quantities and working memory
Anxiety impacting performance
What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in written expression?
Deficits in spelling, writing fluency, and written expression
More _________ have reading disorders
Boys
What is the etiology for learning disorders?
Multifactorial
Dyslexia
Mathematics achievement
Structural differences in brain
What is the relationship between learning disorders and mental health?
Mental health challenges (anxiety, failure)
Social competence/skills (recalling/engaging, victimization, rejection)
