Chapter 14 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

What were people with neurodevelopmental disorders viewed as historically?

Answer 1

Subhuman

Question 2

What was eugenics?

Answer 2

Movement of segregation, sterilization, restriction of marriages, and institutionalization to protect society from “mental retardation”

Question 3

What term was used to replace ‘mental retardation’?

Answer 3

Intellectual disability

Question 4

What was the cut-off point of IQ for intellectual disabilities?

Answer 4

70

Question 5

What are the challenges of assessing intelligence?

Answer 5

IQ tests not accurate

Scores @ lower end not valid

Question 6

What are the factors measured for adaptive behaviour?

Answer 6

Communication

Daily living skills

Socialization

Motor skills

Question 7

What are the interviewing strategies of intellectual disabilities?

Answer 7

“Cloak of competence”

Acquiscence

Question 8

What is cloak of competence?

Answer 8

Tendency to overestimate higher functioning individuals with disabilities by “normal” appearance/abilities

Disabled person feels need to deny handicap due to stigma

Question 9

What is acquiescence?

Answer 9

Tendency of individuals with developmental disorders to say yes in interviews

Question 10

What are the different types of inheritance and what are the differences between them?

Answer 10

Dominant: one parent defective gene

Recessive: both parents carry defective gene

X or sex-linked: abnormal gene on X chromosome

Question 11

What is fragile X syndrome?

Answer 11

Genetic disorder causing range of developmental issues

Question 12

How do chromosomes affect intellectual disabilities?

Answer 12

Abnormal # chromosomes

Question 13

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 13

Metabolic disorder where liver unable to metabolize phenylalanine, toxic build up leading to ID

Question 14

What are environmental causes of intellectual disabilities?

Answer 14

Maternal infections

Birth complications

Question 15

What causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

Answer 15

Drinking during pregnancy

Question 16

What are the deficits in cognitive/executive functioning of FASD?

Answer 16

Learning problems to severe ID

Problems with impulse control, ADHD, socialization

Question 17

What are the postnatal environmental factors of intellectual disabilities?

Answer 17

Poverty

Prevention and early intervention programs

Question 18

What is deinstitutionalization?

Answer 18

Guided by normalization principle

Mainstreaming

Community living

Sex education

Question 19

What is the normalization principle?

Answer 19

Lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible

Question 20

What is mainstreaming?

Answer 20

Goal of full inclusion in social, recreational, and educational contexts

Question 21

What is community living?

Answer 21

Individuals with disabilities learn life skills for own needs

Question 22

What is dual diagnosis?

Answer 22

Person with ID also diagnosed with psychiatric disorder

Question 23

People with ID at more risk of developing _________ and _________ problems associated with mental health disorder.

Answer 23

Emotional; behavioural

Question 24

What is the treatment for dual diagnosis?

Answer 24

Psychopharmacology

Behavioural approaches

CBT

Question 25

What are the behavioural approaches of treatment for dual diagnosis?

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement Alternative replacement behaviours Natural consequences Environmental accomodations

Question 26

Who first identified autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 26

Leo Kanner

Question 27

What are the physical indications of autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 27

Limited communication and responsiveness Unusual behavioural patterns

Question 28

What are 3 factors of autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 28

Social interactions Verbal and nonverbal communication Behaviour and interests

Question 29

What is echolalia?

Answer 29

Repeating another person's words/phrases

Question 30

What is pronoun reversal?

Answer 30

Refer to selves as he/she rather than I

Question 31

A small portion of autism spectrum disorder are ________, which means they have...

Answer 31

Savants; exceptional abilities/memories

Question 32

What are the diagnostic issues of autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 32

Classification has evolved Asperger's disorder

Question 33

What is asperger's disorder?

Answer 33

Impaired social skills, but indicate interest in socialization

Question 34

What are the genetic factors of autism?

Answer 34

High frequency among siblings Fragile X and PKU Genetic cause

Question 35

What did Wakefield's study on scientific fraud discover?

Answer 35

MMR vaccine and the appearance of autism and GI symptoms

Question 36

There is a trend of ________ autism diagnosis by year of birth, and a _________ of MMR vaccination rates.

Answer 36

Increasing; decrease

Question 37

What are the treatments for autism?

Answer 37

Medication/nutritional supplements Behavioural interventions Communication systems Social skills interventions

Question 38

What are the 3 medications for autism and what are they for?

Answer 38

SSRIs: perseverative behaviour Antipsychotics: hyperactivity Nutritional supplements: limited effectiveness

Question 39

What are the behavioural interventions for autism?

Answer 39

Address tantrums, aggression, self injury Behavioural analysis Early intensive behavioural interventions

Question 40

How were learning disorders defined in the 19th century?

Answer 40

Intelligent/physically healthy individuals who were unable to read/write

Question 41

What is the diagnostic criteria for learning disorders?

Answer 41

Persistent difficulties in learning Poor performance Academic difficulties Not attributed to other conditions

Question 42

What are the criticisms of the diagnosis for learning disorders?

Answer 42

Lack of consensus Assessment of cognitive deficits not required in DSM Cognitive deficits as defining features

Question 43

What are the 3 subtypes of learning disorders?

Answer 43

Impairment in reading Impairment in mathematics Impairment in written expression

Question 44

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in reading?

Answer 44

Impairment in phonological processing Trouble with rhyme, syllables, speech sounds Reading difficulties

Question 45

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in mathematics?

Answer 45

Difficulty with numerical quantities and working memory Anxiety impacting performance

Question 46

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in written expression?

Answer 46

Deficits in spelling, writing fluency, and written expression

Question 47

More _________ have reading disorders

Answer 47

Boys

Question 48

What is the etiology for learning disorders?

Answer 48

Multifactorial Dyslexia Mathematics achievement Structural differences in brain

Question 49

What is the relationship between learning disorders and mental health?

Answer 49

Mental health challenges (anxiety, failure) Social competence/skills (recalling/engaging, victimization, rejection)