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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 14 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What were people with neurodevelopmental disorders viewed as historically?

A

Subhuman

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2
Q

What was eugenics?

A

Movement of segregation, sterilization, restriction of marriages, and institutionalization to protect society from “mental retardation”

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3
Q

What term was used to replace ‘mental retardation’?

A

Intellectual disability

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4
Q

What was the cut-off point of IQ for intellectual disabilities?

A

70

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5
Q

What are the challenges of assessing intelligence?

A

IQ tests not accurate

Scores @ lower end not valid

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6
Q

What are the factors measured for adaptive behaviour?

A

Communication

Daily living skills

Socialization

Motor skills

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7
Q

What are the interviewing strategies of intellectual disabilities?

A

“Cloak of competence”

Acquiscence

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8
Q

What is cloak of competence?

A

Tendency to overestimate higher functioning individuals with disabilities by “normal” appearance/abilities

Disabled person feels need to deny handicap due to stigma

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9
Q

What is acquiescence?

A

Tendency of individuals with developmental disorders to say yes in interviews

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10
Q

What are the different types of inheritance and what are the differences between them?

A

Dominant: one parent defective gene

Recessive: both parents carry defective gene

X or sex-linked: abnormal gene on X chromosome

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11
Q

What is fragile X syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder causing range of developmental issues

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12
Q

How do chromosomes affect intellectual disabilities?

A

Abnormal # chromosomes

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13
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Metabolic disorder where liver unable to metabolize phenylalanine, toxic build up leading to ID

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14
Q

What are environmental causes of intellectual disabilities?

A

Maternal infections

Birth complications

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15
Q

What causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

A

Drinking during pregnancy

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16
Q

What are the deficits in cognitive/executive functioning of FASD?

A

Learning problems to severe ID

Problems with impulse control, ADHD, socialization

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17
Q

What are the postnatal environmental factors of intellectual disabilities?

A

Poverty

Prevention and early intervention programs

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18
Q

What is deinstitutionalization?

A

Guided by normalization principle

Mainstreaming

Community living

Sex education

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19
Q

What is the normalization principle?

A

Lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible

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20
Q

What is mainstreaming?

A

Goal of full inclusion in social, recreational, and educational contexts

21
Q

What is community living?

A

Individuals with disabilities learn life skills for own needs

22
Q

What is dual diagnosis?

A

Person with ID also diagnosed with psychiatric disorder

23
Q

People with ID at more risk of developing _________ and _________ problems associated with mental health disorder.

A

Emotional; behavioural

24
Q

What is the treatment for dual diagnosis?

A

Psychopharmacology

Behavioural approaches

CBT

25
Q

What are the behavioural approaches of treatment for dual diagnosis?

A

Positive reinforcement

Alternative replacement behaviours

Natural consequences

Environmental accomodations

26
Q

Who first identified autism spectrum disorder?

A

Leo Kanner

27
Q

What are the physical indications of autism spectrum disorder?

A

Limited communication and responsiveness

Unusual behavioural patterns

28
Q

What are 3 factors of autism spectrum disorder?

A

Social interactions

Verbal and nonverbal communication

Behaviour and interests

29
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repeating another person’s words/phrases

30
Q

What is pronoun reversal?

A

Refer to selves as he/she rather than I

31
Q

A small portion of autism spectrum disorder are ________, which means they have…

A

Savants; exceptional abilities/memories

32
Q

What are the diagnostic issues of autism spectrum disorder?

A

Classification has evolved

Asperger’s disorder

33
Q

What is asperger’s disorder?

A

Impaired social skills, but indicate interest in socialization

34
Q

What are the genetic factors of autism?

A

High frequency among siblings

Fragile X and PKU

Genetic cause

35
Q

What did Wakefield’s study on scientific fraud discover?

A

MMR vaccine and the appearance of autism and GI symptoms

36
Q

There is a trend of ________ autism diagnosis by year of birth, and a _________ of MMR vaccination rates.

A

Increasing; decrease

37
Q

What are the treatments for autism?

A

Medication/nutritional supplements

Behavioural interventions

Communication systems

Social skills interventions

38
Q

What are the 3 medications for autism and what are they for?

A

SSRIs: perseverative behaviour

Antipsychotics: hyperactivity

Nutritional supplements: limited effectiveness

39
Q

What are the behavioural interventions for autism?

A

Address tantrums, aggression, self injury

Behavioural analysis

Early intensive behavioural interventions

40
Q

How were learning disorders defined in the 19th century?

A

Intelligent/physically healthy individuals who were unable to read/write

41
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for learning disorders?

A

Persistent difficulties in learning

Poor performance

Academic difficulties

Not attributed to other conditions

42
Q

What are the criticisms of the diagnosis for learning disorders?

A

Lack of consensus

Assessment of cognitive deficits not required in DSM

Cognitive deficits as defining features

43
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of learning disorders?

A

Impairment in reading

Impairment in mathematics

Impairment in written expression

44
Q

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in reading?

A

Impairment in phonological processing

Trouble with rhyme, syllables, speech sounds

Reading difficulties

45
Q

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in mathematics?

A

Difficulty with numerical quantities and working memory

Anxiety impacting performance

46
Q

What characterizes learning disorders with impairment in written expression?

A

Deficits in spelling, writing fluency, and written expression

47
Q

More _________ have reading disorders

A

Boys

48
Q

What is the etiology for learning disorders?

A

Multifactorial

Dyslexia

Mathematics achievement

Structural differences in brain

49
Q

What is the relationship between learning disorders and mental health?

A

Mental health challenges (anxiety, failure)

Social competence/skills (recalling/engaging, victimization, rejection)

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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