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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 17 - Therapies > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the serious side effects of ECT?

A

Disorientation

Memory loss

Broken bones

Death from cardiac failure

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2
Q

What is the current use of ECT?

A

Briefer currents only to one side of brain

Anesthetics

Muscle relaxants

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3
Q

What is the efficacy of ECT?

A

Short-term for patients with depression

50%+ relapse

Temporary cognitive impairments

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4
Q

What are psychotropic agents?

A

Affect individual’s psychological functioning

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5
Q

Discovery of most psychotropic medications occur _________.

A

Serendipitously

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6
Q

What are the 3 antipsychotics that are used?

A

Phenothiazines

Long-term medication regimen for schizophrenia

Second generation antipsychotics

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7
Q

What do phenothiazines do?

A

First-generation antipsychotics

Reduce hallucinations

Led to deinstitutionalization

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8
Q

What are the side effects of long-term medication regimen for schizophrenia?

A

Extrapyramidal effects

Symptoms similar to Parkinson’s (motor problems) and tardive dyskinesia (tics)

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9
Q

What do antipsychotics do?

A

Stabilize mood

Fewer extrapyramidal effects

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10
Q

What is the guideline to choosing medication?

A

Based on least # and severity of side effects for patient

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11
Q

What do anxiolytics do?

A

Alleviate symptoms of anxiety and muscle tension by lowering SNS activity, respiration and heart rate

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12
Q

What are the 2 classes of anxiolytics?

A

First class: barbiturates

Second class: benzodiazepines

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13
Q

What are the factors of barbiturates?

A

Addictive

Large doses toxic

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14
Q

What are the factors of benzodiazepines?

A

Less toxic, still addictive

Withdrawal and convulsions

Needs to be gradually reduced

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15
Q

What are the guidelines for using anxiolytics?

A

Should only be used for brief periods

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16
Q

What are the 4 antidepressants?

A

MAOIs

TCAs

SSRIs

SNRIs

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17
Q

What are the downsides to MAOIs?

A

Severe dietary restrictions

Can cause increase in blood pressure

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18
Q

What are the downsides to TCAs?

A

Unpleasant side effects such as…

Dry mouth
Blurry vision
Constipation
Light headedness

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19
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs are __________ than TCAs.

A

Better tolerated

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20
Q

What are the side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs?

A

Nausea

Diarrhea

Headache

Tremors

Sleeplessness

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21
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs take ______ weeks to demonstrate improvement, and optimal response by ______ weeks.

A

1-2; 3-4

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22
Q

What are the guidelines for SSRIs and SNRIs?

A

First-line medication options

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23
Q

What are the suicidal risks for antidepressant medications?

A

TCAs toxic in overdose

SSRIs could increase suicidal behaviour/ideation

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24
Q

What are 3 mood stabilizers?

A

Lithium

Anticonvulsives

Antipsychotics

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25
Q

What are the side effects of lithium?

A

Nausea/dizziness

Weight gain

Mild diarrhea

Narrow window of effectiveness

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26
Q

What are 3 factors of stimulants?

A

Short-acting

Peak efficacy 1-5 hours after administration

Mild improvements in executive functioning

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27
Q

What are the differences in stimulant effects for children and adults?

A

Children: improved ADHD symptoms, general behaviour, and quality of life

Adults: mild improvement in symptoms

28
Q

What are the side effects of stimulants?

A

Appetite suppression

Sleep disturbance

Mood disturbance

Headaches

Abdominal discomfort

Fatigue

29
Q

What are the guidelines for using stimulants?

A

Should be first-line for both children and adults with ADHD

30
Q

What are the 3 summaries of pharmacological treatments?

A

No medication for treating everyone with particular disorder

Difficult to predict favorable response

Does not lead to new skills/coping mechanisms, which may lead to relapse

31
Q

What is the definition for psychotherapy?

A

Process where professionally trained therapist systematically uses techniques from principles to relieve person’s psychological distress/facilitate growth

32
Q

What are the 4 theoretical orientations of psychotherapy?

A

Psychodynamic

Cognitive-behavioural

Humanistic-experiential

Integrative/eclectic

33
Q

What is the goal of psychoanalysis?

A

Help patients understand unconscious factors controlling behaviour

34
Q

What are the 5 psychoanalytic techniques?

A

Free association

Dream interpretation

Interpretation

Analysis of resistance

Analysis of transference

35
Q

What is analysis of resistance?

A

Analyze when client becomes unwilling to discuss certain topics

36
Q

What are the 2 types of psychodynamic therapies?

A

Brief

Interpersonal

37
Q

What is the difference between the two psychodynamic therapies?

A

Brief: Freudian techniques, short term, goals and interpretations of life events

Interpersonal: interaction of patient and social environment, problematic interpersonal styles

38
Q

What are 3 factors of humanistic-experiential approaches?

A

Focus on subjective and current experiences

Free will and responsibility

Genuine and accepting therapist

39
Q

What are 4 examples of humanistic-experimental therapies?

A

Client-centered

Existential (meaning to life)

Gestalt (distortions)

Emotion-focused

40
Q

What is the empty chair technique of gestalt therapy?

A

Help to make client more aware of genuine feelings as if speaking to person in conflict

41
Q

What is third wave CBT?

A

Accepting thoughts/emotions and way person experiences/reacts

42
Q

What are the 9 CBT interventions?

A

Reinforcement

Response shaping

Behavioural activation

Relaxation training

Exposure

Assertiveness training

Problem solving

Cognitive restructuring

Mindfulness

43
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Reinforce desirable behaviours, ignore undesirable behaviours

44
Q

What is behavioural activation?

A

Increase overall activity to increase natural reinforcers and ultimately decrease depressive symptoms

45
Q

What is assertiveness training?

A

Rehearse and practice in therapy sessions before applying to real life

46
Q

What are integrative approaches?

A

Draws on selected aspects of various schools of therapy

47
Q

What is eclectic vs integrative?

A

Eclectic: select certain techniques

Integrative: combine techniques

48
Q

What are the 3 “common ingredients” of therapy?

A

Hope for change

Alternative explanation to understand problem

Change way of thinking, feelings or acting

49
Q

What are the 4 treatment modalities?

A

Individual

Couples

Family

Group

50
Q

Who provides psychotherapy?

A

Clinical psychologists

51
Q

After making an appointment, only ____% show up to first appointment, and majority attend fewer than ______ sessions, terminating before gaining optimal benefit.

A

50; 10

52
Q

What is treatment efficacy?

A

Evidence of treatment effects when delivered in context of controlled study

53
Q

What is treatment effectiveness?

A

Evidence of effects when treatment evaluated in “real world” context

54
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Method of quantitatively summarizing results of multiple research studies

Objective and generalizable

55
Q

According to Smith, Glass, and Miller, average person receiving therapy was ________ than people who did not.

A

Better off

56
Q

For anxiety disorders, a(n) ________ element is required.

A

Exposure

57
Q

For depressive disorders, __________, _________ and ___________ therapies are efficacious in treating depression, and suggests the active component of CBT is _________.

A

Interpersonal; CBT; psychodynamic

Behavioural activation

58
Q

For sleep-wake disorders, the best psychotherapies are _______ interventions such as ________, ___________, _________ and ___________.

A

CBT

Relaxation training; sleep restriction; stimulus control; thought challenging

59
Q

For personality disorders, _______ and ______ are used to treat BPD.

A

DBT; psychodynamic

60
Q

What are the best treatments for bipolar disorder?

A

Combo of psychological interventions and medications

61
Q

What are the best treatments for early psychosis?

A

CBT and family-based services

62
Q

What are the best treatments for schizophrenia?

A

CBT

63
Q

When combined with ___________, psychotherapies can yield beneficial effects in functioning.

A

Medication

64
Q

What are issues with generalizing of clinical settings?

A

Limitations of research evidence (controlled environment)

Very different from real world

65
Q

What are the 3 criterion developed by APA for the “empirically supported therapy”?

A

Repeated demonstration of efficacy

Use of treatment manuals

Clear description of participants

66
Q

What are the clinical practice guidelines?

A

Use available research evidence for assessment, diagnosis, treatment

Offer authoritative recommendations on treatment

67
Q

What are the 3 foundations of good treatment?

A

Early detection

Sound assessment

Person-centered care

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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