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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 15 - Behaviour and Emotional Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Behaviour and Emotional Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the current issues of behavioural and emotional disorders of children/adolescents?

A

Age-specific variations in symptoms

Lack of concordance of reporting

Relies on self-report

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2
Q

What are the two types of childhood mental disorders?

A

Externalizing and internalizing

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3
Q

What are the externalizing disorders?

A

Attention deficit/hyperactivity

Oppositional defiant

Conduct

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4
Q

What are the internalizing disorders?

A

Anxiety

Separation anxiety

Selective mutism

Reactive attachment

Depressive

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5
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Co-occurence of 2+ disorders

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6
Q

In childhood and adolescent disorders, comorbidity is seen as a(n) _______ rather than a(n) ___________.

A

Rule; exception

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7
Q

Current diagnosis is often ________.

A

Predictive

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8
Q

What is homotypic continuity?

A

Prediction of same diagnosis in future

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9
Q

What is heterotypic continuity?

A

Prediction of different diagnosis in future

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10
Q

In North America, the most common disorders in youth and children are…

A

Anxiety, conduct, ADHD

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11
Q

What is the average age onset of anxiety disorders?

A

6

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12
Q

What is the average age onset of behaviour problems?

A

11

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13
Q

What is the average age onset of mood disorders?

A

13

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14
Q

What is the average age onset for substance use disorders?

A

15

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15
Q

What disorders do girls tend to be diagnosed more for?

A

Mood, anxiety, eating

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16
Q

What disorders do boys tend to get diagnosed more for?

A

Behaviour, substance

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17
Q

What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A

Persisting pattern of inattention/hyper-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

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18
Q

Under which DSM-5 section is ADHD listed?

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders (brain-based)

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19
Q

Symptoms of ADHD almost always emerge in __________, and 1/3 children _______ diagnosis into _________.

A

Childhood; retain; adulthood

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20
Q

What are symptoms of inattention?

A

Careless mistakes

Difficulty focusing

Unorganized

Avoidant

Forgetful

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21
Q

What are symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity?

A

Fidgeting

Inappropriately active

Excessive and loud talking

Difficulty waiting

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22
Q

To diagnose ADHD, how many symptoms and for how long do they have to be present for?

A

6+ symptoms for 6+ months

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23
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

A

Symptoms present before age 12

Present in 2+ settings

Interference with functioning

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24
Q

What are the 3 situations of ADHD presentation?

A

Combined

Predominantly inattentive

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive

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25
Q

What are the subtypes of ADHD?

A

ADHD-I

ADHD-H

ADHD-HI

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26
Q

What is ADHD-I characterized with?

A

Academic/social problems

Organizational and motor control

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27
Q

What is ADHD-H and ADHD-HI characterized with?

A

Higher rates of comorbid conduct problems

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28
Q

Regarding the subtypes of ADHD, _________ is more common in girls, whereas _________ and __________ are more common in boys.

A

ADHD-I

ADHD-H; ADHD-HI

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29
Q

What are the 5 other disorders that 50% children with ADHD are comorbid with?

A

ODD/conduct

Learning

Anxiety

Depression

Substance abuse

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30
Q

Individuals with ADHD have higher rates of…

A

Grade retention, suspension, and dropout

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31
Q

When is ADHD typically identified?

A

Elementary school

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32
Q

What are the brain and function factors of ADHD?

A

Reduced/delayed brain maturation

Abnormal dopamine/noradrenergic NTs

Abnormal prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

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33
Q

What are the genetic factors of ADHD?

A

77% risk of heritability

No gene specifically identified

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34
Q

What are the prenatal risk factors of ADHD?

A

Prenatal toxin exposure

Poor diet

Pregnancy/delivery complications

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35
Q

What are the psychosocial risk factors of ADHD?

A

Low SES

Large/dysfunctional family

Parental mental health difficulties

Maltreatment

Foster care

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36
Q

___________ for specific dopamine receptor gene expressed in ________ associated with greater risk for ADHD when children also exposed to _______.

A

Homozygosity; prefrontal cortex; inconsistent parenting

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37
Q

ADHD symptoms associated with maternal __________ during pregnancy only in those with __________.

A

Smoking; genetic predisposition

38
Q

What is the assessment for ADHD?

A

Comprehensive

Multi-informant

Self-report for adolescents

Psychoeducational testing

39
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments for ADHD?

A

Ritalin (methylphenidate) and dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)

40
Q

What do the pharmacological treatments of ADHD do?

A

Increase release of DA and NE, block reuptake

Increase functioning and reduce undesirable behaviour

41
Q

What are the side effects of pharmacological treatments of ADHD?

A

Decreased appetite

Sleep disturbances

42
Q

What are the psychoeducational interventions of ADHD?

A

Academic skill facilitation and remediation

Parent training

43
Q

What is academic skill facilitation and remediation?

A

Focus on academic organization

Identify challenges

44
Q

What is parent training?

A

Educate parents on how to manage child

Contingency management

Consistency

45
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

Problems with basic rights of others and violation of age-appropriate societal norms

46
Q

What are 4 characteristics of conduct disorder?

A

Aggression

Destruction of property

Deceitfulness/theft

Violation of rules

47
Q

Conduct disorder is often comorbid with _________ and ________ difficulties.

A

ADHD; learning

48
Q

What are the psychopathic tendencies associated with conduct disorder?

A

Callous/unemotional trait specifier

49
Q

What are the subtypes of conduct disorder?

A

Childhood onset

Adolescent onset

Unspecified onset

50
Q

What would classify childhood onset type of conduct disorder?

A

1+ symptoms present before age 10

51
Q

According to assortative mating, what are the 4 factors of conduct disorder?

A

CD females date/marry CD males

Discord in relationship

Poor parenting of offspring

Children higher genetic load for CD

52
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Pattern of being defiant and negative behaviours towards others

53
Q

Some argue that ODD is an earlier expression of…

A

CD

54
Q

What is the difference between CD and ODD?

A

CD: more pre-meditated

ODD: more reactive/emotion regulation difficulties

55
Q

What are the 3 symptom groups of ODD?

A

Angry/irritable mood

Argumentative/defiant behaviours

Vindictiveness

56
Q

More _________ are diagnosed with ODD.

A

Boys

57
Q

What is the failure model of ODD?

A

Engaging in externalizing behaviour increases probability of experiencing social failure, related to development of internalizing problems

58
Q

What is the acting out model of ODD?

A

Youth mask mood problems by behaving aggressively

59
Q

What is the reciprocal model of ODD?

A

Associations between externalizing and internalizing problems reciprocal

60
Q

What is the order of the developmental trajectory (top to bottom)?

A

ASPD

CD

ODD

ADHD

61
Q

What is the genetic etiology for CD and ODD?

A

High genetic risk/influence

Intergenerational patterns of criminal behaviour

Shared heritability between depression and ODD

62
Q

The shared heritability between depression and ODD is mediated by __________.

A

Irritability

63
Q

What is the neurobiologic etiology for ODD?

A

Decreased glucose metabolism (frontal lobe)

Damaged PFC and amygdala

Abnormal SE, NE, and cortisol

64
Q

What are the prenatal risk factors of ODD?

A

Maternal smoking/substance use

Pregnancy/birth complications

Maternal stress

65
Q

What are the psychosocial risk factors of ODD?

A

Poor parenting

Peer rejection/influence

Abnormal parenthood

Low social status

66
Q

According to Capsi’s study of gene-environment interactions affecting CD, childhood maltreatment AND low _________ activity led to CD in adulthood compared to childhood maltreatment with high _______ activity.

A

MAOA (x2)

67
Q

The differential susceptibility theory and biological sensitivity to context theory state…

A

Vulnerability influences outcomes depending on context of environment

68
Q

Children with ODD and CD more likely to interpret ambiguous situations as being __________, leading to them relying on _________ strategies.

A

Hostile; aggressive

69
Q

What happens in problem-solving skills training for ODD and CD?

A

Modelling and practice

Roleplaying

Reinforcement contingencies

70
Q

What does problem-solving skills training do for a child with ODD or CD?

A

Increase repertoire for available behaviours

Flexibility of responses

Reduce problematic behaviour

71
Q

Pharmacological treatments are used for ADHD when ADHD is __________.

A

Comorbid

72
Q

What pharmacological treatment is used for disruptive and aggressive behaviour?

A

Antipsychotics

Lithium (only short-term)

73
Q

Why are interactions between parent and child considered to maintain and promote conduct problems?

A

Coercive process, where situation becomes escalated then parent gives in

74
Q

What are the factors of parent training for CD?

A

Break coercive process

Increase positive parenting

Increase compliance

Ignore unwanted behaviour

Consistency and problem solving

75
Q

What is the school and community based treatment for conduct problems?

A

Reduce stigmatization so no child singled out for treatment

Available to all children

76
Q

When fear is age-specific, intensity is proportional to ___________, meaning it is _____________.

A

Perceived threat; developmentally appropriate

77
Q

When fear is excessive, may impact ________________ and lead to ______________.

A

Normal functioning; anxiety disorders

78
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive fear/anxiety concerning separation from those to whom individual attached

79
Q

How many and for how long do symptoms have to be present to diagnose separation anxiety disorder?

A

3+ symptoms, 4+ weeks

80
Q

What is the prevalence and onset of separation anxiety disorder?

A

5% equal in boys and girls

Preschool years

81
Q

What are associated features of separation anxiety disorder?

A

Social withdrawal

Concentration difficulties

Sadness, aggression, demanding

Strange perceptual experiences

School refusal

82
Q

What is the etiology for separation anxiety disorder?

A

Temperament

Abnormal amygdala

Genetics

Psychosocial risk factors

83
Q

What are the psychosocial risk factors of separation anxiety disorder?

A

Modelling

Life stress

Parental overprotection

84
Q

What is selective mutism?

A

Failure to speak in specific social situations

85
Q

How long do disturbances need to be present for to diagnose selective mutism?

A

1+ months

86
Q

What is the onset of selective mutism?

A

Before 5 years old

87
Q

What are associated features of selective mutism?

A

Shyness/withdrawal

Clinging

Temper tantrums

Delays in communication/language development

88
Q

What are the consequences of selective mutism?

A

Social communication

Underestimation of capabilities

89
Q

What is the behavioural conceptualization of selective mutism?

A

Negative reinforcement, where child too anxious to speak and adult comes to rescue

90
Q

What is the aim of treatment for anxiety?

A

Reduce physical symptoms and pattern of avoidance

91
Q

What are the treatments for anxiety?

A

Psychoeducation of causes

CBT

Pharmacological (SSRIs)

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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