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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 13 - Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the diagnostic issues of sexual disorders?

A

Subjectivity

Requires distress as criteria for diagnoses

Homosexuality as a disorder

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2
Q

In DSM-III, what was egodystonic homosexuality?

A

Attracted to same sex and experiences conflict

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3
Q

What was egodystonic homosexuality changed to in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV?

A

Persistent/marked distress about sexual orientation

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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

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5
Q

What are the differences in resolution stage for men and women?

A

Men refractory period (unresponsive to stimulation)

Females multiple orgasms possible

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6
Q

Who created the sexual response cycle?

A

Masters and Johnson

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of the alternative model by Helen Singer Kaplan?

A

Desire

Excitement

Orgasm

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8
Q

In the alternative model, desire is primarily a…

A

Psychological component to sexual response

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9
Q

Most people agree that satisfactory sex is…

A

Essential to maintenance of relationship

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10
Q

What are the most common male challenges?

A

Early ejaculation

Erection difficulties

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11
Q

What are the most common female challenges?

A

Lack of interest

Lubrication difficulties

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12
Q

How does the DSM-5 classify sexual dysfunction?

A

By which stage affected

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13
Q

What are the categories for sexual dysfunction?

A

Desire and arousal

Orgasmic

Other

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14
Q

Which disorders would be under desire and arousal category?

A

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Erectile disorder

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15
Q

Which disorders would be under orgasmic category?

A

Delayed ejaculation

Female orgasmic disorder

Premature orgasm

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16
Q

What types of disorders would be under the other category?

A

Pain during intercourse

Difficulty with vaginal penetration

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17
Q

What are the diagnostic criterion for sexual disorders?

A

Symptoms experienced almost all occasions

Symptoms persisted 6+ months

Causes distress

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18
Q

What are the specifiers of sexual disorders?

A

Subtypes and severity

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19
Q

What are the 4 subtypes and what do they mean?

A

Lifelong: since sexually active

Acquired: began after relatively normal functioning

Generalized: not limited to certain stimulation/situations/partners

Situational: only occurs with certain stimulation/situations/partners

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20
Q

What are the 3 severities?

A

Mild

Moderate

Severe

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21
Q

How is severity determined?

A

Amount of distress over symptoms

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22
Q

Individuals can experience ______________ without being _____________ with sexual relationships/function.

A

Sexual difficulties; dissatisfied

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23
Q

What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

A

Persistent/recurrent lack of sexual fantasies and desires for sexual activity

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24
Q

Why is it difficult to define hypoactive desire?

A

Contextual

Unrealistic social pressures/expectations

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25
Q

What are sexual arousal disorders?

A

Difficulty becoming physically aroused when desired

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26
Q

What is erectile disorder?

A

Difficulty obtaining/maintaining erection during sexual activity

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27
Q

What is female orgasmic disorder?

A

Delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm

Reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations

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28
Q

What is delayed ejaculation?

A

Delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation

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29
Q

Orgasm can be possible with ___________ but not ___________.

A

Oral/manual stimulation or erotic dreams; intercourse

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30
Q

What is premature ejaculation?

A

Persistent pattern of ejaculation occurring within 1 minute of intercourse and before individual wishes

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31
Q

In genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, the 4 areas of persistent difficulties are…

A

Vaginal penetration

Vulvovaginal/pelvic pain

Fear/anxiety

Tensing/tightening of pelvic floor muscles

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32
Q

What is hypersexuality?

A

“Addiction to sex”

Loss of control over sexual urges/behaviours

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33
Q

Some proposed that those with hypersexuality have ___________ per week over ____________.

A

7+ orgasms; 6 months

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34
Q

Higher ___________ within relationships correlated with higher ___________.

A

Sexual frequency; psychological functioning

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35
Q

Those with hypersexuality often engage in sexual activity to…

A

Regulate negative emotional states

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36
Q

What are the subtypes of hypersexuality?

A

Paraphilias

Pornography/masturbation

Infidelity

Imposed norms of sexuality

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37
Q

What is the etiology of sexual dysfunction?

A

Almost everyone experiences @ some point

Perspective influences development/maintenance

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38
Q

What is the etiology for sexual desire and arousal disorders?

A

Similar to depression

Psychological factors

Hormonal imbalance

Performance anxiety

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39
Q

What are the psychological factors leading to sexual desire and arousal disorders?

A

Dysfunctional attitudes about sex

Relationship problems

Strict upbringing leading to guilt

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40
Q

What did Weisberg and colleagues discover through showing erectile response films?

A

Attributions influence sexual performance

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41
Q

What is the etiology for orgasmic disorders?

A

Primary and secondary premature ejaculation

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42
Q

What is primary premature ejaculation?

A

Conditioned response to ejaculate rapidly out of convenience (masturbation)

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43
Q

What is secondary premature ejaculation?

A

Trauma to SNS, abdominal/pelvic injuries, withdrawal from narcotics

44
Q

What is the psychological etiology for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

A

Negative sexual attitudes

Unpleasant/traumatic experiences

Cognitive styles associated with anxiety

45
Q

What is the physical etiology for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

A

Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction

46
Q

What are the psychological interventions of treatment for sexual dysfunction?

A

Communication and exploration

Sensate focus

Behavioural approaches

47
Q

What categorizes communication and exploration?

A

Sex education

Communication between partners

Acceptance/awareness of own body

48
Q

What is sensate focus?

A

Desensitization of sexual fears

49
Q

What are the steps of sensate focus?

A

Step 1: undress in light

Step 2: nonsexual mutual touch

Step 3: sexual touch

Step 4: sexual intercourse

50
Q

What are the behavioural approaches of psychological interventions?

A

Stop-start and squeeze techniques

Vaginal dilation

51
Q

What is the stop-start and squeeze technique?

A

Stop stimulation before orgasm then continue

52
Q

What is vaginal dilation?

A

Relaxation of vaginal area and muscles

53
Q

What is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder also known as?

A

Vaginismus

54
Q

What are the physical treatments for sexual disorders?

A

Intracavernous treatment

Antidepressants

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Surgical interventions

55
Q

What are intracavernous treatments?

A

Injected into penis to facilitate erection

56
Q

Which disorder are antidepressants used for?

A

Premature ejaculation

57
Q

What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do?

A

Increase blood flow and stronger erections

58
Q

What is gender identity?

A

Person’s basic sense of self as male or female

59
Q

What is gender role?

A

Collection of characteristics society defines as masculine or feminine

60
Q

What is intersex?

A

When biological variables do not fit typical male or female

61
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Biological variables consistent but discordant with person’s sense of self

62
Q

What are the criterion for gender dysphoria in children?

A

Incongruence between expressed gender and assigned gender

6+ months

63
Q

Rates of gender dysphoria in children are __________ for those born ________. Among teenagers, these differences tend to __________.

A

Greater; boys; disappear

64
Q

What is the biological etiology of gender dysphoria?

A

Excess/absence of prenatal hormones

65
Q

What are the psychological influences of gender dysphoria?

A

Failure to individuate from opposite-sex parent

Inconsistency in parenting

Lack of same-sex modelling

66
Q

What is the treatment for gender dysphoria?

A

Hormonal treatment

Gender-affirming surgery

67
Q

Treatment for gender dysphoria typically involves helping individuals ____________ and live as ____________.

A

Cope; preferred gender

68
Q

What are the 6 minimum eligibilities for sex-reassignment surgery?

A

Well documented gender dysphoria

Consent

Age of majority

Controlling physical/mental health concerns

Hormone therapy

Congruent gender role and identity

69
Q

What is paraphilia?

A

Intense atypical sexual interests

70
Q

What is paraphilic disorder?

A

When one engages in paraphilias and harms others/experiences distress

71
Q

What is fetishistic disorder?

A

Recurrent/intense sexual arousal from non-living object or specific body part(s)

72
Q

What would make a fetishistic not meet criteria for disorder?

A

Acceptance of feelings and ways to meet desires without harming others

73
Q

What is transvestic disorder?

A

Cross-dressing accompanied by sexual excitement which causes emotional distress/impairment of functioning

74
Q

________________ are not transvestites unless they are sexually excited by their work.

A

Drag queens

75
Q

What is sexual sadism?

A

Sexual preferences toward inflicting pain/psychological suffering on others

76
Q

What is sexual masochism?

A

Enjoy experiencing pain/humiliation from another individual

Could include hypoxphilia

77
Q

What is hypoxphilia?

A

Deliberate unconsciousness by oxygen deprivation

78
Q

What is associated disorder?

A

When individual acts on urges with non-consenting person, or urges cause distress/impairment

79
Q

What is exhibitionistic disorder?

A

Sexual arousal from exposure of one’s genitals to unsuspecting person

80
Q

Many exhibitionists also engage in ___________ and ____________.

A

Voyeurism; rape

81
Q

What is voyeuristic disorder?

A

Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting naked person

82
Q

People with voyeuristic disorder typically do not seek ___________ with person being watched, but often ___________ while watching/remembering.

A

Sexual relations; masturbate

83
Q

What is frotteuristic disorder?

A

Sexual arousal from touching/rubbing against non-consenting person in crowded places

84
Q

Frotteuristic disorder can sometimes be brief and appear ____________, but other times can be _____________, a form of rape.

A

Accidental; intrusive/aggressive

85
Q

What is pedophilic disorder?

A

Sexual arousal involving fantasies/sexual activities with prepubescent child

86
Q

Individuals with pedophilic disorder must be at least _____ years old and _____ years older than child.

A

16; 5

87
Q

What is the difference between child molester and pedophile?

A

Child molester: engages

Pedophile: fantasizes

88
Q

In Canada, rape was originally defined as…

A

Forced penetration of unwilling female’s vagina by male assailant’s penis

89
Q

What are the diagnostic issues of rape?

A

No formal diagnosis for people preferring non-consented sex

Diagnosed with sexual sadism

Arousal patterns

90
Q

What are the 3 distinct arousal patterns?

A

Biastophilia

Sadism

Antisociality

91
Q

What is biastophilia?

A

Sexual preference towards nonconsenting/resisting but not necessarily physical suffering

92
Q

What is sadism?

A

Preference towards suffering and humiliation of others

93
Q

What is antisociality?

A

Indifference to interests/desires of others

94
Q

What is the etiology of sexual offending?

A

Conditioning theories

Feminist theories

Neurodevelopmental theories

Childhood/social developmental theories

95
Q

What are the conditioning theories of sexual offending?

A

Pairing unusual experiences of sexual arousal produces patterns of atypical sexual arousal

Courtship disorder theory

96
Q

What is courtship disorder theory?

A

During 4 stages of courtship of potential partner, fixation in any stage leads to sexual offending

97
Q

What are the feminist theories of sexual offending?

A

Typically see sexual abuse as arising naturally out of socio-cultural environment

98
Q

How do roles of socialization influence rape?

A

Women taught to be submissive, men taught to be dominant

Power differential giving power to men

99
Q

What is Juliet Darke’s feminist theory?

A

Rape seen as offenders’ anger towards women

100
Q

What is Sanday’s feminist theory?

A

Rape more common in patriarchal societies, less common in societies where where women equal to men

101
Q

What are the neurodevelopmental theories of sexual offending?

A

Neurodevelopmental problems

Head injuries

Lower IQ

102
Q

What are the childhood/social developmental theories of sexual offending?

A

Maladaptive childhood experiences

Aggression and self-centeredness

Low social skills

103
Q

What are empirical risk factors of sexual offending?

A

Sexual deviance

Antisocial traits

Intimacy deficits

104
Q

What are the treatments for sexual offending?

A

Medical interventions

Aversion therapy

Comprehensive programs

105
Q

What are the factors of comprehensive programs?

A

Cognitive-behavioural perspective

Responsibility of actions

Risk/need/responsivity model

Positive psychology influence (life worth living)

106
Q

What is the risk/need/responsivity model?

A

Risk: assess risk factors

Need: tailor treatment

Responsivity: accessible to client

107
Q

What are common risk factors of the risk/need/responsivity model?

A

Self-regulation

Sexuality-related factors

Social skills

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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