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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 13 - Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the diagnostic issues of sexual disorders?

A

Subjectivity

Requires distress as criteria for diagnoses

Homosexuality as a disorder

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2
Q

In DSM-III, what was egodystonic homosexuality?

A

Attracted to same sex and experiences conflict

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3
Q

What was egodystonic homosexuality changed to in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV?

A

Persistent/marked distress about sexual orientation

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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

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5
Q

What are the differences in resolution stage for men and women?

A

Men refractory period (unresponsive to stimulation)

Females multiple orgasms possible

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6
Q

Who created the sexual response cycle?

A

Masters and Johnson

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of the alternative model by Helen Singer Kaplan?

A

Desire

Excitement

Orgasm

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8
Q

In the alternative model, desire is primarily a…

A

Psychological component to sexual response

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9
Q

Most people agree that satisfactory sex is…

A

Essential to maintenance of relationship

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10
Q

What are the most common male challenges?

A

Early ejaculation

Erection difficulties

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11
Q

What are the most common female challenges?

A

Lack of interest

Lubrication difficulties

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12
Q

How does the DSM-5 classify sexual dysfunction?

A

By which stage affected

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13
Q

What are the categories for sexual dysfunction?

A

Desire and arousal

Orgasmic

Other

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14
Q

Which disorders would be under desire and arousal category?

A

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Erectile disorder

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15
Q

Which disorders would be under orgasmic category?

A

Delayed ejaculation

Female orgasmic disorder

Premature orgasm

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16
Q

What types of disorders would be under the other category?

A

Pain during intercourse

Difficulty with vaginal penetration

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17
Q

What are the diagnostic criterion for sexual disorders?

A

Symptoms experienced almost all occasions

Symptoms persisted 6+ months

Causes distress

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18
Q

What are the specifiers of sexual disorders?

A

Subtypes and severity

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19
Q

What are the 4 subtypes and what do they mean?

A

Lifelong: since sexually active

Acquired: began after relatively normal functioning

Generalized: not limited to certain stimulation/situations/partners

Situational: only occurs with certain stimulation/situations/partners

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20
Q

What are the 3 severities?

A

Mild

Moderate

Severe

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21
Q

How is severity determined?

A

Amount of distress over symptoms

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22
Q

Individuals can experience ______________ without being _____________ with sexual relationships/function.

A

Sexual difficulties; dissatisfied

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23
Q

What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

A

Persistent/recurrent lack of sexual fantasies and desires for sexual activity

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24
Q

Why is it difficult to define hypoactive desire?

A

Contextual

Unrealistic social pressures/expectations

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25
What are sexual arousal disorders?
Difficulty becoming physically aroused when desired
26
What is erectile disorder?
Difficulty obtaining/maintaining erection during sexual activity
27
What is female orgasmic disorder?
Delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm Reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations
28
What is delayed ejaculation?
Delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation
29
Orgasm can be possible with ___________ but not ___________.
Oral/manual stimulation or erotic dreams; intercourse
30
What is premature ejaculation?
Persistent pattern of ejaculation occurring within 1 minute of intercourse and before individual wishes
31
In genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, the 4 areas of persistent difficulties are...
Vaginal penetration Vulvovaginal/pelvic pain Fear/anxiety Tensing/tightening of pelvic floor muscles
32
What is hypersexuality?
"Addiction to sex" Loss of control over sexual urges/behaviours
33
Some proposed that those with hypersexuality have ___________ per week over ____________.
7+ orgasms; 6 months
34
Higher ___________ within relationships correlated with higher ___________.
Sexual frequency; psychological functioning
35
Those with hypersexuality often engage in sexual activity to...
Regulate negative emotional states
36
What are the subtypes of hypersexuality?
Paraphilias Pornography/masturbation Infidelity Imposed norms of sexuality
37
What is the etiology of sexual dysfunction?
Almost everyone experiences @ some point Perspective influences development/maintenance
38
What is the etiology for sexual desire and arousal disorders?
Similar to depression Psychological factors Hormonal imbalance Performance anxiety
39
What are the psychological factors leading to sexual desire and arousal disorders?
Dysfunctional attitudes about sex Relationship problems Strict upbringing leading to guilt
40
What did Weisberg and colleagues discover through showing erectile response films?
Attributions influence sexual performance
41
What is the etiology for orgasmic disorders?
Primary and secondary premature ejaculation
42
What is primary premature ejaculation?
Conditioned response to ejaculate rapidly out of convenience (masturbation)
43
What is secondary premature ejaculation?
Trauma to SNS, abdominal/pelvic injuries, withdrawal from narcotics
44
What is the psychological etiology for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?
Negative sexual attitudes Unpleasant/traumatic experiences Cognitive styles associated with anxiety
45
What is the physical etiology for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?
Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction
46
What are the psychological interventions of treatment for sexual dysfunction?
Communication and exploration Sensate focus Behavioural approaches
47
What categorizes communication and exploration?
Sex education Communication between partners Acceptance/awareness of own body
48
What is sensate focus?
Desensitization of sexual fears
49
What are the steps of sensate focus?
Step 1: undress in light Step 2: nonsexual mutual touch Step 3: sexual touch Step 4: sexual intercourse
50
What are the behavioural approaches of psychological interventions?
Stop-start and squeeze techniques Vaginal dilation
51
What is the stop-start and squeeze technique?
Stop stimulation before orgasm then continue
52
What is vaginal dilation?
Relaxation of vaginal area and muscles
53
What is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder also known as?
Vaginismus
54
What are the physical treatments for sexual disorders?
Intracavernous treatment Antidepressants Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Surgical interventions
55
What are intracavernous treatments?
Injected into penis to facilitate erection
56
Which disorder are antidepressants used for?
Premature ejaculation
57
What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do?
Increase blood flow and stronger erections
58
What is gender identity?
Person's basic sense of self as male or female
59
What is gender role?
Collection of characteristics society defines as masculine or feminine
60
What is intersex?
When biological variables do not fit typical male or female
61
What is gender dysphoria?
Biological variables consistent but discordant with person's sense of self
62
What are the criterion for gender dysphoria in children?
Incongruence between expressed gender and assigned gender 6+ months
63
Rates of gender dysphoria in children are __________ for those born ________. Among teenagers, these differences tend to __________.
Greater; boys; disappear
64
What is the biological etiology of gender dysphoria?
Excess/absence of prenatal hormones
65
What are the psychological influences of gender dysphoria?
Failure to individuate from opposite-sex parent Inconsistency in parenting Lack of same-sex modelling
66
What is the treatment for gender dysphoria?
Hormonal treatment Gender-affirming surgery
67
Treatment for gender dysphoria typically involves helping individuals ____________ and live as ____________.
Cope; preferred gender
68
What are the 6 minimum eligibilities for sex-reassignment surgery?
Well documented gender dysphoria Consent Age of majority Controlling physical/mental health concerns Hormone therapy Congruent gender role and identity
69
What is paraphilia?
Intense atypical sexual interests
70
What is paraphilic disorder?
When one engages in paraphilias and harms others/experiences distress
71
What is fetishistic disorder?
Recurrent/intense sexual arousal from non-living object or specific body part(s)
72
What would make a fetishistic not meet criteria for disorder?
Acceptance of feelings and ways to meet desires without harming others
73
What is transvestic disorder?
Cross-dressing accompanied by sexual excitement which causes emotional distress/impairment of functioning
74
________________ are not transvestites unless they are sexually excited by their work.
Drag queens
75
What is sexual sadism?
Sexual preferences toward inflicting pain/psychological suffering on others
76
What is sexual masochism?
Enjoy experiencing pain/humiliation from another individual Could include hypoxphilia
77
What is hypoxphilia?
Deliberate unconsciousness by oxygen deprivation
78
What is associated disorder?
When individual acts on urges with non-consenting person, or urges cause distress/impairment
79
What is exhibitionistic disorder?
Sexual arousal from exposure of one's genitals to unsuspecting person
80
Many exhibitionists also engage in ___________ and ____________.
Voyeurism; rape
81
What is voyeuristic disorder?
Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting naked person
82
People with voyeuristic disorder typically do not seek ___________ with person being watched, but often ___________ while watching/remembering.
Sexual relations; masturbate
83
What is frotteuristic disorder?
Sexual arousal from touching/rubbing against non-consenting person in crowded places
84
Frotteuristic disorder can sometimes be brief and appear ____________, but other times can be _____________, a form of rape.
Accidental; intrusive/aggressive
85
What is pedophilic disorder?
Sexual arousal involving fantasies/sexual activities with prepubescent child
86
Individuals with pedophilic disorder must be at least _____ years old and _____ years older than child.
16; 5
87
What is the difference between child molester and pedophile?
Child molester: engages Pedophile: fantasizes
88
In Canada, rape was originally defined as...
Forced penetration of unwilling female's vagina by male assailant's penis
89
What are the diagnostic issues of rape?
No formal diagnosis for people preferring non-consented sex Diagnosed with sexual sadism Arousal patterns
90
What are the 3 distinct arousal patterns?
Biastophilia Sadism Antisociality
91
What is biastophilia?
Sexual preference towards nonconsenting/resisting but not necessarily physical suffering
92
What is sadism?
Preference towards suffering and humiliation of others
93
What is antisociality?
Indifference to interests/desires of others
94
What is the etiology of sexual offending?
Conditioning theories Feminist theories Neurodevelopmental theories Childhood/social developmental theories
95
What are the conditioning theories of sexual offending?
Pairing unusual experiences of sexual arousal produces patterns of atypical sexual arousal Courtship disorder theory
96
What is courtship disorder theory?
During 4 stages of courtship of potential partner, fixation in any stage leads to sexual offending
97
What are the feminist theories of sexual offending?
Typically see sexual abuse as arising naturally out of socio-cultural environment
98
How do roles of socialization influence rape?
Women taught to be submissive, men taught to be dominant Power differential giving power to men
99
What is Juliet Darke's feminist theory?
Rape seen as offenders' anger towards women
100
What is Sanday's feminist theory?
Rape more common in patriarchal societies, less common in societies where where women equal to men
101
What are the neurodevelopmental theories of sexual offending?
Neurodevelopmental problems Head injuries Lower IQ
102
What are the childhood/social developmental theories of sexual offending?
Maladaptive childhood experiences Aggression and self-centeredness Low social skills
103
What are empirical risk factors of sexual offending?
Sexual deviance Antisocial traits Intimacy deficits
104
What are the treatments for sexual offending?
Medical interventions Aversion therapy Comprehensive programs
105
What are the factors of comprehensive programs?
Cognitive-behavioural perspective Responsibility of actions Risk/need/responsivity model Positive psychology influence (life worth living)
106
What is the risk/need/responsivity model?
Risk: assess risk factors Need: tailor treatment Responsivity: accessible to client
107
What are common risk factors of the risk/need/responsivity model?
Self-regulation Sexuality-related factors Social skills

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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