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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 8 - Mood Disorders and Suicide > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Mood Disorders and Suicide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two diagnostic issues of mood disorders?

A

MDs differ in duration and severity

Arbitrary categorical conventions

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2
Q

How long and how many symptoms need to be present for MDD?

A

At least 5-9 symptoms, 2+ weeks

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3
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder also known as?

A

Common cold

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4
Q

What is the average age onset of MDD?

A

Early to mid 20s

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5
Q

How do MDD rates change in children and adolescents?

A

Same for both genders in childhood

After age 10, rates increase for girls and level out for boys

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6
Q

What is MDD frequently comorbid with?

A

Anxiety disorders

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7
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder also known as?

A

Dysthymia

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8
Q

What contributes to a PDD diagnosis?

A

Chronic low mood lasting 2+ years

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9
Q

What is “Double Depression”?

A

People with PDD experience recurrent episodes of MDD as well

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10
Q

What factors are PDD associated with?

A

Impairment

Younger age onset

Comorbidity

Family history

Low social support

High stress

Dysfunctional personality traits

Less responsive to treatments

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11
Q

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A

Recurrent depressive episodes tied to changing of seasons

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12
Q

What causes mood disorder with seasonal patterns (SAD)?

A

Melatonin dysregulation

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13
Q

What happens during Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A

Marked affective lability, irritability/anger, depressed mood, and/or anxiety

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14
Q

How long do symptoms have to be present to diagnose premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Most cycles in the past year

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15
Q

What possibly causes premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Decrease in serotonin

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16
Q

What are the risk factors for peri- and postpartum mood disorder?

A

Family/self history

Marital problems

Low social support

Stressful life events

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17
Q

How is premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated?

A

SSRIs and birth control

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18
Q

What is mania?

A

Distinctive period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week

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19
Q

How many symptoms diagnose mania?

A

3 symptoms

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20
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Less severe form of mania

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21
Q

How many symptoms and for how long to diagnose hypomania?

A

3 symptoms present for only 4 days

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22
Q

What is a mixed state?

A

Experience both manic/hypomanic and depressive symptoms @ same time

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23
Q

What are symptoms of mania?

A

Increased energy

Decreased need for sleep

Racing thoughts

Pressured speech

Problems with attention and concentration

Impaired judgement

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24
Q

What happens as mania progresses?

A

Symptoms become more severe and experienced as disturbing/frightening

Can lead to psychosis

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25
Q

How do people with mania view symptoms?

A

As enjoyable

Can lead to treatment resistence

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26
Q

What’s the difference between bipolar I and II?

A

Bipolar I: history of manic episodes with or without MDE

Bipolar II: history of hypomanic episodes with MDE, more difficult to diagnose

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27
Q

How long do manic and hypomanic episodes typically last?

A

2 weeks to 4 months

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28
Q

How long do depressive episodes last?

A

6-9 months

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29
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I and II?

A

Bipolar I: 0.8%

BIpolar II: 0.5%

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30
Q

Do bipolar rates differ between men and women?

A

No

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31
Q

What is the average age onset of bipolar disorder?

A

20 years old

Can occur in childhood (controversial)

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32
Q

What are 3 symptoms of pediatric bipolar disorder?

A

Increased energy

Irritable mood

Grandiosity

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33
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

Chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder

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34
Q

What factors diagnose cyclothymia?

A

2+ years alternating hypomanic and depressive episodes

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35
Q

Why are people with cyclothymia at risk for developing full-blown disorder?

A

Often do not seek treatment

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36
Q

What do antidepressants do to cyclothymia?

A

May trigger manic episodes

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37
Q

What is rapid cycling specifier?

A

Form of bipolar disorder with 4+ manic and/or MDE in past year

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38
Q

How long do episodes of rapid cycling specifier need to be separated by?

A

2 months

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39
Q

What 3 personality traits contribute to mood disorders?

A

Dependent

Self-critical

Maladaptive parenting styles or childhood trauma

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40
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive theory of depression?

A

People prone to depression more likely to see situations negatively, hence experience negative mood in response to situations

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41
Q

What are the 4 cognitive distortions?

A

All-or-nothing

Overgeneralization (black-and-white)

Magnification (catastrophizing)

Jumping to conclusions

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42
Q

What are schemas?

A

Hypothetical structures in mind containing core beliefs (cognitive triad)

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43
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Negative cognitive schemas inactive until activated by stressful life event

44
Q

What 3 researches support cognitive theories of MDs?

A

Negative thinking

Cognitive vulnerability

Likelihood to attend to negative information

45
Q

What does the interpersonal model state about mood disorders?

A

Key feature of depression are problems in interpersonal relationships

46
Q

What is negative feedback seeking?

A

Tendency to actively seek out criticism and negative feedback from others

47
Q

What is excessive reassurance seeking?

A

Tendency to repeatedly seek assurance about one’s worth and lovability

48
Q

What is the stress generation hypothesis?

A

Depressed individuals generate stressful life events in interpersonal domains

49
Q

What is the life stress perspective of depression?

A

Individuals with depression likely to have experienced stressful life event prior to onset

50
Q

What does the life stress perspective state about bipolar disorders?

A

Loss events predict depressive symptoms

Life events (reward/goal) predict manic symptoms

51
Q

Children and adolescence who are victims of abuse are _______ more likely to develop depression in young adulthood due to _______.

A

2-5x; internalized negative cognitive schemas

52
Q

How does childhood abuse affect the brain?

A

Death of cells in hippocampus and amygdala

53
Q

Child abuse is associated with dysregulation of _____________.

A

Stress response system (HPA axis)

54
Q

How much more likely do first relatives with MDD and bipolar make an individual?

A

MDD: 2-5x depression

Bipolar: 7-15x any mood disorder

55
Q

Heritability estimates for MDD and bipolar are…

A

MDD = 0.36

Bipolar = 0.75

56
Q

Which hormones are associated with postpartum mood disorder?

A

Reproductive (progesterone and estradiol)

57
Q

How do alleles of the serotonin transporter gene (HTT) on chromosome 17 influence mood disorders?

A

Long allele: higher serotonin functioning

Short allele: heightens reactivity to stress

58
Q

Which 3 neurotransmitters are associated with mood disorders?

A

Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

59
Q

Depressed individuals have fewer ___________ receptors.

A

Serotonin (5HT)

60
Q

What are the effects of abnormal neurotransmitters on bipolar disorder?

A

Dopamine: hyperactivity, psychosis

Norepinephrine: euphoria, grandiosity

Serotonin: disinhibition of behaviours

61
Q

Depressed individuals show elevated levels of _________ compared to control groups.

A

Cortisol

62
Q

Depressed individuals have smaller ____________ due to __________.

A

Hippocampal volumes; cortisol hypersectretion

63
Q

Depressed individuals have increased _______________ associated with ________ and _______.

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines; anhedonia; withdrawal

64
Q

3 treatments for unipolar depression are…

A

CBT, interpersonal therapy (IPT), medication (imipramine)

65
Q

What are the 3 types of interventions utilized in CBT?

A

Activity scheduling

Thought records

Behavioural experiments

66
Q

What are the 4 areas of dysfunction as stated by interpersonal psychotherapy?

A

Interpersonal disputes

Role transitions

Grief

Interpersonal deficits

67
Q

What do tricyclics do?

A

Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

**Increases presence in synapse

68
Q

What are the side effects of tricyclics?

A

Dry mouth

Blurry vision

Weight gain

Exacerbate heart rhythm

Lethal in overdose

69
Q

What do MAOIs do?

A

Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

**Increase presence in synapse

70
Q

What is the potential dangerous side effect of MAOIs?

A

Inhibiting breakdown of amines means too much can raise blood pressure

71
Q

What do SSRIs do?

A

Inhibit reuptake of serotonin

72
Q

What is a downside of antidepressants?

A

High risk of relapse

73
Q

What are the 4 medications for bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium

Anticonvulsants

Antipsychotics

Antidepressants

74
Q

What does lithium do?

A

Stabilize mood

75
Q

How does lithium work in the body?

A

Deactivate enzymes related to sleep cycle, metabolism, and activity

Antagonist of excitatory glutamate

76
Q

Lithium was successfully utilized on…

A

Manic patients

77
Q

Why use anticonvulsants?

A

40% do not respond to or cannot tolerate side effects of lithium

78
Q

What do anticonvulsants do in the body?

A

Increase synthesis and release of GABA

Reduce glutamate

79
Q

How are anticonvulsants prescribed?

A

Alone, with lithium, with antipsychotics

80
Q

When are antipsychotics used?

A

Short-term treatment during acute manic or severe depressive episodes

81
Q

What do antipsychotics do?

A

Control psychotic symptoms

Can be used as sedative

82
Q

What is a risk of antidepressants for bipolar disorder?

A

Risk of triggering mania

83
Q

What are 4 considerations for combining psychotherapy and medication?

A

Severity

Persistence

Preventing relapse

Adolescents

84
Q

What disorder is phototherapy used for?

A

SAD

85
Q

What happens during phototherapy?

A

Mimic sunlight to increase neurobiological processes (increase serotonin, inhibit melatonin)

86
Q

What happens in treatment resistant depression?

A

Failure to achieve remission following 2 trials of antidepressant medication

87
Q

What 4 functioning impairments are associated with treatment resistant depression?

A

Social
Educational
Occupational
Health

88
Q

What happens during electroconvulsive therapy?

A

Induces seizures

89
Q

What are the side effects of ECT?

A

Confusion, memory loss

90
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do?

A

Use magnetic fields to alter brain activity

91
Q

TMS is ________ effective than ECT, but has ________ side effects.

A

Less; fewer

92
Q

What does vagus nerve stimulation do?

A

Increases release of norepinephrine and serotonin

Increases blood flow to brain

93
Q

What is deep brain stimulation?

A

Surgically implant wires into brain to deliver electrical currents

94
Q

What is the age range of most suicides?

A

40-59 years old

95
Q

What are the 3 risk factors of suicide?

A

Gender, age, minority

96
Q

What are the 3 strongest predictors of suicide attempts?

A

Bipolar disorder, PTSD, MDD

97
Q

What does Durkheim state about suicide?

A

Cause by feeling rootless and lack sense of belonging

Suicide rates differ across/within cultures with changing times

98
Q

What are the 2 biological factors of suicide?

A

Concordance

Low serotonin levels

99
Q

What is suicide contagion?

A

Publicized suicide serves as trigger

100
Q

What are the 2 categories in Joiner’s interpersonal model of suicide?

A

Interaction between two domains, acquired capability

101
Q

What are the motivational moderators of suicide?

A

Thwarted belongingness

Perceived burdensomeness

102
Q

What are the volitional moderators of suicide?

A

Social/role models

Impulsivity

Overcome fear of death

103
Q

What is primary prevention for suicide?

A

Education programs

Restricting access to suicide means

104
Q

What is secondary/tertiary prevention of suicide?

A

Prevention centers

Telephone hotlines

105
Q

What are the 4 treatments for suicide?

A

Hospitalization

Outpatient treatment

DBT

Ketamine

106
Q

What is outpatient treatment?

A

CBT

**If patient not in imminent danger

107
Q

What is dialectical behaviour therapy?

A

Target, reduce, and monitor suicide risks

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Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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