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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 8 - Mood Disorders and Suicide > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Mood Disorders and Suicide Flashcards

1
Q

What are two diagnostic issues of mood disorders?

A

MDs differ in duration and severity

Arbitrary categorical conventions

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2
Q

How long and how many symptoms need to be present for MDD?

A

At least 5-9 symptoms, 2+ weeks

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3
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder also known as?

A

Common cold

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4
Q

What is the average age onset of MDD?

A

Early to mid 20s

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5
Q

How do MDD rates change in children and adolescents?

A

Same for both genders in childhood

After age 10, rates increase for girls and level out for boys

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6
Q

What is MDD frequently comorbid with?

A

Anxiety disorders

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7
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder also known as?

A

Dysthymia

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8
Q

What contributes to a PDD diagnosis?

A

Chronic low mood lasting 2+ years

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9
Q

What is “Double Depression”?

A

People with PDD experience recurrent episodes of MDD as well

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10
Q

What factors are PDD associated with?

A

Impairment

Younger age onset

Comorbidity

Family history

Low social support

High stress

Dysfunctional personality traits

Less responsive to treatments

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11
Q

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A

Recurrent depressive episodes tied to changing of seasons

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12
Q

What causes mood disorder with seasonal patterns (SAD)?

A

Melatonin dysregulation

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13
Q

What happens during Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A

Marked affective lability, irritability/anger, depressed mood, and/or anxiety

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14
Q

How long do symptoms have to be present to diagnose premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Most cycles in the past year

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15
Q

What possibly causes premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Decrease in serotonin

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16
Q

What are the risk factors for peri- and postpartum mood disorder?

A

Family/self history

Marital problems

Low social support

Stressful life events

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17
Q

How is premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated?

A

SSRIs and birth control

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18
Q

What is mania?

A

Distinctive period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week

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19
Q

How many symptoms diagnose mania?

A

3 symptoms

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20
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Less severe form of mania

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21
Q

How many symptoms and for how long to diagnose hypomania?

A

3 symptoms present for only 4 days

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22
Q

What is a mixed state?

A

Experience both manic/hypomanic and depressive symptoms @ same time

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23
Q

What are symptoms of mania?

A

Increased energy

Decreased need for sleep

Racing thoughts

Pressured speech

Problems with attention and concentration

Impaired judgement

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24
Q

What happens as mania progresses?

A

Symptoms become more severe and experienced as disturbing/frightening

Can lead to psychosis

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25
How do people with mania view symptoms?
As enjoyable Can lead to treatment resistence
26
What's the difference between bipolar I and II?
Bipolar I: history of manic episodes with or without MDE Bipolar II: history of hypomanic episodes with MDE, more difficult to diagnose
27
How long do manic and hypomanic episodes typically last?
2 weeks to 4 months
28
How long do depressive episodes last?
6-9 months
29
What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I and II?
Bipolar I: 0.8% BIpolar II: 0.5%
30
Do bipolar rates differ between men and women?
No
31
What is the average age onset of bipolar disorder?
20 years old Can occur in childhood (controversial)
32
What are 3 symptoms of pediatric bipolar disorder?
Increased energy Irritable mood Grandiosity
33
What is cyclothymia?
Chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder
34
What factors diagnose cyclothymia?
2+ years alternating hypomanic and depressive episodes
35
Why are people with cyclothymia at risk for developing full-blown disorder?
Often do not seek treatment
36
What do antidepressants do to cyclothymia?
May trigger manic episodes
37
What is rapid cycling specifier?
Form of bipolar disorder with 4+ manic and/or MDE in past year
38
How long do episodes of rapid cycling specifier need to be separated by?
2 months
39
What 3 personality traits contribute to mood disorders?
Dependent Self-critical Maladaptive parenting styles or childhood trauma
40
What is Beck's cognitive theory of depression?
People prone to depression more likely to see situations negatively, hence experience negative mood in response to situations
41
What are the 4 cognitive distortions?
All-or-nothing Overgeneralization (black-and-white) Magnification (catastrophizing) Jumping to conclusions
42
What are schemas?
Hypothetical structures in mind containing core beliefs (cognitive triad)
43
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Negative cognitive schemas inactive until activated by stressful life event
44
What 3 researches support cognitive theories of MDs?
Negative thinking Cognitive vulnerability Likelihood to attend to negative information
45
What does the interpersonal model state about mood disorders?
Key feature of depression are problems in interpersonal relationships
46
What is negative feedback seeking?
Tendency to actively seek out criticism and negative feedback from others
47
What is excessive reassurance seeking?
Tendency to repeatedly seek assurance about one's worth and lovability
48
What is the stress generation hypothesis?
Depressed individuals generate stressful life events in interpersonal domains
49
What is the life stress perspective of depression?
Individuals with depression likely to have experienced stressful life event prior to onset
50
What does the life stress perspective state about bipolar disorders?
Loss events predict depressive symptoms Life events (reward/goal) predict manic symptoms
51
Children and adolescence who are victims of abuse are _______ more likely to develop depression in young adulthood due to _______.
2-5x; internalized negative cognitive schemas
52
How does childhood abuse affect the brain?
Death of cells in hippocampus and amygdala
53
Child abuse is associated with dysregulation of _____________.
Stress response system (HPA axis)
54
How much more likely do first relatives with MDD and bipolar make an individual?
MDD: 2-5x depression Bipolar: 7-15x any mood disorder
55
Heritability estimates for MDD and bipolar are...
MDD = 0.36 Bipolar = 0.75
56
Which hormones are associated with postpartum mood disorder?
Reproductive (progesterone and estradiol)
57
How do alleles of the serotonin transporter gene (HTT) on chromosome 17 influence mood disorders?
Long allele: higher serotonin functioning Short allele: heightens reactivity to stress
58
Which 3 neurotransmitters are associated with mood disorders?
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
59
Depressed individuals have fewer ___________ receptors.
Serotonin (5HT)
60
What are the effects of abnormal neurotransmitters on bipolar disorder?
Dopamine: hyperactivity, psychosis Norepinephrine: euphoria, grandiosity Serotonin: disinhibition of behaviours
61
Depressed individuals show elevated levels of _________ compared to control groups.
Cortisol
62
Depressed individuals have smaller ____________ due to __________.
Hippocampal volumes; cortisol hypersectretion
63
Depressed individuals have increased _______________ associated with ________ and _______.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines; anhedonia; withdrawal
64
3 treatments for unipolar depression are...
CBT, interpersonal therapy (IPT), medication (imipramine)
65
What are the 3 types of interventions utilized in CBT?
Activity scheduling Thought records Behavioural experiments
66
What are the 4 areas of dysfunction as stated by interpersonal psychotherapy?
Interpersonal disputes Role transitions Grief Interpersonal deficits
67
What do tricyclics do?
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin **Increases presence in synapse
68
What are the side effects of tricyclics?
Dry mouth Blurry vision Weight gain Exacerbate heart rhythm Lethal in overdose
69
What do MAOIs do?
Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters **Increase presence in synapse
70
What is the potential dangerous side effect of MAOIs?
Inhibiting breakdown of amines means too much can raise blood pressure
71
What do SSRIs do?
Inhibit reuptake of serotonin
72
What is a downside of antidepressants?
High risk of relapse
73
What are the 4 medications for bipolar disorder?
Lithium Anticonvulsants Antipsychotics Antidepressants
74
What does lithium do?
Stabilize mood
75
How does lithium work in the body?
Deactivate enzymes related to sleep cycle, metabolism, and activity Antagonist of excitatory glutamate
76
Lithium was successfully utilized on...
Manic patients
77
Why use anticonvulsants?
40% do not respond to or cannot tolerate side effects of lithium
78
What do anticonvulsants do in the body?
Increase synthesis and release of GABA Reduce glutamate
79
How are anticonvulsants prescribed?
Alone, with lithium, with antipsychotics
80
When are antipsychotics used?
Short-term treatment during acute manic or severe depressive episodes
81
What do antipsychotics do?
Control psychotic symptoms Can be used as sedative
82
What is a risk of antidepressants for bipolar disorder?
Risk of triggering mania
83
What are 4 considerations for combining psychotherapy and medication?
Severity Persistence Preventing relapse Adolescents
84
What disorder is phototherapy used for?
SAD
85
What happens during phototherapy?
Mimic sunlight to increase neurobiological processes (increase serotonin, inhibit melatonin)
86
What happens in treatment resistant depression?
Failure to achieve remission following 2 trials of antidepressant medication
87
What 4 functioning impairments are associated with treatment resistant depression?
Social Educational Occupational Health
88
What happens during electroconvulsive therapy?
Induces seizures
89
What are the side effects of ECT?
Confusion, memory loss
90
What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do?
Use magnetic fields to alter brain activity
91
TMS is ________ effective than ECT, but has ________ side effects.
Less; fewer
92
What does vagus nerve stimulation do?
Increases release of norepinephrine and serotonin Increases blood flow to brain
93
What is deep brain stimulation?
Surgically implant wires into brain to deliver electrical currents
94
What is the age range of most suicides?
40-59 years old
95
What are the 3 risk factors of suicide?
Gender, age, minority
96
What are the 3 strongest predictors of suicide attempts?
Bipolar disorder, PTSD, MDD
97
What does Durkheim state about suicide?
Cause by feeling rootless and lack sense of belonging Suicide rates differ across/within cultures with changing times
98
What are the 2 biological factors of suicide?
Concordance Low serotonin levels
99
What is suicide contagion?
Publicized suicide serves as trigger
100
What are the 2 categories in Joiner's interpersonal model of suicide?
Interaction between two domains, acquired capability
101
What are the motivational moderators of suicide?
Thwarted belongingness Perceived burdensomeness
102
What are the volitional moderators of suicide?
Social/role models Impulsivity Overcome fear of death
103
What is primary prevention for suicide?
Education programs Restricting access to suicide means
104
What is secondary/tertiary prevention of suicide?
Prevention centers Telephone hotlines
105
What are the 4 treatments for suicide?
Hospitalization Outpatient treatment DBT Ketamine
106
What is outpatient treatment?
CBT **If patient not in imminent danger
107
What is dialectical behaviour therapy?
Target, reduce, and monitor suicide risks Diary card Ultimate goal: build life worth living

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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