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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 11 - Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 general indicators of substance-related disorders?

A

Impairment of control

Social impairment

Risky use

Pharmacological dependence

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2
Q

What categorizes impairment of control?

A

Taking greater amounts or for longer than intended

Unsuccessful attempts @ cutting down

Great time recovering

Strong cravings

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3
Q

What categorizes social impairment?

A

Not able to manage responsibilities

Relational problems due to use

Giving up important events for use

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4
Q

What categorizes risky use?

A

Puts individual in danger

Risk of physical and psychological problems

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5
Q

What categorizes pharmacological dependence?

A

Tolerance: need for more substance for effect

Withdrawal symptoms, relieved by use

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6
Q

What is polysubstance use disorder?

A

Simultaneous misuse/dependence on 2+ substances

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7
Q

What are synergistic effects?

A

Effects of mixing substances

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8
Q

Alcohol is known as…

A

World’s #1 psychoactive substance

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9
Q

What are the 4 categories of drinkers?

A

Light infrequent drinkers

Light frequent drinkers

Heavy infrequent drinkers

Heavy frequent drinkers

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10
Q

Frequency is determined based on ____________.

A

If the individual drinks weekly

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11
Q

Light and heavy drinkers are determined based on _________.

A

If the individual drinks less or more than 5 drinks per occasion

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12
Q

What are the effects of ethyl alcohol?

A

Reduce anxiety, produce euphoria

Reduce inhibitions

Pass directly into blood from stomach/small intestine

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13
Q

What is the rate that the liver removes ethanol?

A

7-8mL per hour

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14
Q

What are the short term effects of alcohol?

A

Biphasic effect

Increased confidence

Memory blackouts

Good sleep

Hangover symptoms

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15
Q

What are the 3 categories of biphasic effect?

A

Lower dose (stimulation)

Higher dose (dysphoria)

Very high dose (unconsciousness, death)

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16
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

A

Malnutrition and tissue damage

Reduced protein intake

Cancer

Heart muscle damage and high blood pressure

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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17
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Inability to form new memories and loss of contact with reality

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18
Q

What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

Relationship between maternal drinking and birth defects

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19
Q

What are 3 features of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

Facial dysmorphology

Growth retardation

CNS dysfunction

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20
Q

What are the genetic factors of alcohol use?

A

Runs in families

Tolerance

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21
Q

What are the neurobiological influences of alcohol use?

A

GABA, beta-endorphin, and serotonin

Higher heart rate

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22
Q

What are the psychological factors of alcohol use?

A

Behavioural disinhibition

Negative emotionality

Tension-reduction hypothesis

Alcohol expectancy theory

Behavioural tolerance effect

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23
Q

What is behavioural disinhibition?

A

Great difficulty inhibiting behavioural impulses

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24
Q

What is alcohol expectancy theory?

A

Reinforcement/effect individual expects from drinking alcohol

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25
Q

What is behavioural tolerance effect?

A

Environment influences substance use and how much can be taken

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26
Q

What are socio-cultural factors of alcohol use?

A

Drinking culture

Modelling

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27
Q

What is the Minnesota model of treatment?

A

12 step alcoholics anonymous philosophy viewing alcohol as disease

Education about consequences with goal of abstinence

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28
Q

What are the 3 medications for alcohol use treatment?

A

Naltrexone, acamprosate, antabuse

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29
Q

What is naltrexone?

A

Blocks pleasurable effects of alcohol

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30
Q

What is acamprosate?

A

Facilitates inhibitory action of GABA @ receptors

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31
Q

What is antabuse?

A

Makes alcohol use unpleasant by blocking ability to metabolize alcohol

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32
Q

What was the foundation of the support group Alcoholics Anonymous?

A

Christian, complete abstinence and disease model

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33
Q

What are the behavioural treatments of alcohol use?

A

Aversion therapy

Contingency management

Community reinforcement approach

Behavioural self-management

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34
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Pair alcohol with unpleasant stimulus

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35
Q

What is contingency management?

A

Rewards and punishments on small steps towards sobriety

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36
Q

What is the community reinforcement approach?

A

Peer/relative recruited to participate in program, learn coping skills and antecedents to drinking

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36
Q

What is the community reinforcement approach?

A

Peer/relative recruited to participate in program, learn coping skills and antecedents to drinking

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37
Q

Relapse prevention treatment aims to avoid…

A

Relapse, and manage when it occurs

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38
Q

Relapses in the relapse prevention treatment are seen as…

A

Failure of coping skills and temporary occurrences due to specific situations

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39
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

Freely discuss pros and cons of alcohol use to bring awareness to problem, client-centered and semi-directive

40
Q

What do depressants do?

A

Inhibit NT activity in the CNS

41
Q

Barbituric acid was one of the first drugs developed to treat…

A

Anxiety, tension and sleep issues

42
Q

Why is barbituric acid no longer widely prescribed?

A

Addictive potential

43
Q

Why are benzodiazepines more frequently prescribed?

A

Safer alternative, but can still be addictive

44
Q

What do the different doses of barbiturates and benzodiazepines do?

A

Small: mild euphoria

Large: impaired functioning

Very large: cardiovascular dysfunction, coma

45
Q

Tolerance to barbiturates develops ________ while tolerance to benzodiazepines develops ________.

A

Rapidly; more slowly

46
Q

What is abstinence syndrome?

A

Insomnia, aching, anxiety, depression from not using substance lasting for months

47
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Stimulate/arouse CNS by influencing rate of uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

48
Q

Stimulants are the ______ used and abused drugs

A

Most commonly

49
Q

What is nicotine?

A

Stimulant that stimulates release of DA

50
Q

What are the long term health risks of tobacco?

A

Cancer, respiratory illness, heart disease

51
Q

What are the types of treatment for tobacco?

A

Psychological and pharmacological

52
Q

What is the psychological treatment for tobacco?

A

Counselling, self-help material

53
Q

What is the pharmacological treatment for tobacco?

A

Replacements

54
Q

What is bupropion hydrochloride?

A

Reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms

55
Q

What is varenicline tartrate?

A

Reduce cravings and decrease pleasurable effects

56
Q

Amphetamines have similar effects to _______.

A

Adrenaline

57
Q

What are the two most abused forms of amphetamines?

A

Methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine

58
Q

Methamphetamine is also known as…

A

Speed, ice, crystal

59
Q

Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) is a ________ with _________ properties.

A

Stimulant; hallucinogenic

60
Q

Low doses of amphetamines cause…

A

Increased alertness, improved attention and cognitive performance, suppressed appetite

61
Q

Higher doses of amphetamines cause…

A

Feelings of exhilaration, extroversion, confidence

62
Q

Very high doses of amphetamines cause…

A

Restlessness and anxiety

63
Q

Repeated high doses of amphetamines can cause…

A

Hallucinations, delirium, paranoia

64
Q

What are the 2 long term effects of ecstasy?

A

Permanent depletion of serotonin, neuropsychiatric problems

65
Q

What are the short term effects of cocaine?

A

Euphoria, confidence, increased dopamine

66
Q

High doses of cocaine can cause…

A

Overstimulation of CNS

67
Q

What are the physical symptoms of cocaine?

A

Increased blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, fever, convulsions, coma

68
Q

What are the psychological treatments for amphetamines and cocaine?

A

12-step programs, CBT, management programs

69
Q

What are the biological treatments for amphetamines and cocaine?

A

Antidepressants, methylphenidate

70
Q

What are the MAIN effects of opioids?

A

Reduction of pain and sleep inducement

71
Q

The most commonly abused opioid is ________.

A

Heroin

72
Q

What are the effects of heroin?

A

Immediate pleasure, dulled senses, sedation

73
Q

Higher doses of heroin can cause _______ and even _______.

A

Comas; death

74
Q

Withdrawal symptoms for opioid are ___________ and begin __________ after last dose.

A

Extremely severe; 8 hours

75
Q

What does naltrexone do?

A

Alleviates initial withdrawal symptoms

76
Q

What does methadone do?

A

Heroin replacement, used to reduce cravings

77
Q

Two types of cannabis are…

A

Marijuana and hashish

78
Q

Marijuana is made of…

A

Dried and crushed leaves/flowers from hemp plant

79
Q

Hashish is made of…

A

Resin produced by plant, much stronger form

80
Q

Cannabis generally has _______ effects, but can increase___________ and produce _________.

A

Depressive; heart rate; hallucinations

81
Q

What is the prevalence of cannabis use?

A

37.5%

82
Q

What are the effects of cannabis?

A

Deficits in motor skills, short term memory, reaction time, attention, increased blood pressure, appetite

83
Q

Small doses of cannabis cause _______ and ________ while high doses cause _________.

A

Euphoria; relaxation; hallucinations

84
Q

What are 3 effects long-term users of cannabis may face?

A

Lung problems, cancer, fertility problems

85
Q

What is amotivational syndrome?

A

Continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from others, abandonment of goals

86
Q

Cannabis is used as a treatment for…

A

Cancer, AIDS, glaucoma

87
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of cannabis?

A

6.8%

88
Q

What are the treatments for cannabis?

A

Treatment programs, CBT and motivational enhancement, pharmacological therapy

89
Q

What do hallucinogens do?

A

Change person’s mental state by inducing perceptual and sensory distortions

90
Q

What are 3 hallucinogens?

A

LSD

Mescaline

Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

91
Q

What is the prevalence of hallucinogens?

A

13.1%

92
Q

What are the effects of hallucinogens?

A

Sensory experiences, euphoria, distortion of senses, flashbacks

93
Q

What are characteristics of gambling disorder?

A

Short-term pleasure, relief from negative feelings, cravings, alters mood and perception

94
Q

What is the prevalence of gambling disorder?

A

80%

95
Q

DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder patterned after those for __________.

A

Substance dependence

96
Q

What are the treatments for gambling disorder?

A

Evidence-based treatments, family interventions, prevention models

97
Q

What are the evidence-based treatments for gambling disorder?

A

CBT, motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, online/app=based models

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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