Chapter 11 - Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards by Philia Yip

What are the 4 general indicators of substance-related disorders?

Impairment of control

Social impairment

Risky use

Pharmacological dependence

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What categorizes impairment of control?

Taking greater amounts or for longer than intended

Unsuccessful attempts @ cutting down

Great time recovering

Strong cravings

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What categorizes social impairment?

Not able to manage responsibilities

Relational problems due to use

Giving up important events for use

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What categorizes risky use?

Puts individual in danger

Risk of physical and psychological problems

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What categorizes pharmacological dependence?

Tolerance: need for more substance for effect

Withdrawal symptoms, relieved by use

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What is polysubstance use disorder?

Simultaneous misuse/dependence on 2+ substances

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What are synergistic effects?

Effects of mixing substances

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Alcohol is known as…

World’s #1 psychoactive substance

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What are the 4 categories of drinkers?

Light infrequent drinkers

Light frequent drinkers

Heavy infrequent drinkers

Heavy frequent drinkers

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Frequency is determined based on ____________.

If the individual drinks weekly

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Light and heavy drinkers are determined based on _________.

If the individual drinks less or more than 5 drinks per occasion

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What are the effects of ethyl alcohol?

Reduce anxiety, produce euphoria

Reduce inhibitions

Pass directly into blood from stomach/small intestine

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What is the rate that the liver removes ethanol?

7-8mL per hour

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What are the short term effects of alcohol?

Biphasic effect

Increased confidence

Memory blackouts

Good sleep

Hangover symptoms

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What are the 3 categories of biphasic effect?

Lower dose (stimulation)

Higher dose (dysphoria)

Very high dose (unconsciousness, death)

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What are the long term effects of alcohol?

Malnutrition and tissue damage

Reduced protein intake

Cancer

Heart muscle damage and high blood pressure

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Inability to form new memories and loss of contact with reality

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What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Relationship between maternal drinking and birth defects

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What are 3 features of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Facial dysmorphology

Growth retardation

CNS dysfunction

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What are the genetic factors of alcohol use?

Runs in families

Tolerance

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What are the neurobiological influences of alcohol use?

GABA, beta-endorphin, and serotonin

Higher heart rate

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What are the psychological factors of alcohol use?

Behavioural disinhibition

Negative emotionality

Tension-reduction hypothesis

Alcohol expectancy theory

Behavioural tolerance effect

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What is behavioural disinhibition?

Great difficulty inhibiting behavioural impulses

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What is alcohol expectancy theory?

Reinforcement/effect individual expects from drinking alcohol

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What is behavioural tolerance effect?

Environment influences substance use and how much can be taken

What are socio-cultural factors of alcohol use?

Drinking culture Modelling

What is the Minnesota model of treatment?

12 step alcoholics anonymous philosophy viewing alcohol as disease Education about consequences with goal of abstinence

What are the 3 medications for alcohol use treatment?

Naltrexone, acamprosate, antabuse

What is naltrexone?

Blocks pleasurable effects of alcohol

What is acamprosate?

Facilitates inhibitory action of GABA @ receptors

What is antabuse?

Makes alcohol use unpleasant by blocking ability to metabolize alcohol

What was the foundation of the support group Alcoholics Anonymous?

Christian, complete abstinence and disease model

What are the behavioural treatments of alcohol use?

Aversion therapy Contingency management Community reinforcement approach Behavioural self-management

What is aversion therapy?

Pair alcohol with unpleasant stimulus

What is contingency management?

Rewards and punishments on small steps towards sobriety

What is the community reinforcement approach?

Peer/relative recruited to participate in program, learn coping skills and antecedents to drinking

What is the community reinforcement approach?

Peer/relative recruited to participate in program, learn coping skills and antecedents to drinking

Relapse prevention treatment aims to avoid...

Relapse, and manage when it occurs

Relapses in the relapse prevention treatment are seen as...

Failure of coping skills and temporary occurrences due to specific situations

What is motivational interviewing?

Freely discuss pros and cons of alcohol use to bring awareness to problem, client-centered and semi-directive

What do depressants do?

Inhibit NT activity in the CNS

Barbituric acid was one of the first drugs developed to treat...

Anxiety, tension and sleep issues

Why is barbituric acid no longer widely prescribed?

Addictive potential

Why are benzodiazepines more frequently prescribed?

Safer alternative, but can still be addictive

What do the different doses of barbiturates and benzodiazepines do?

Small: mild euphoria Large: impaired functioning Very large: cardiovascular dysfunction, coma

Tolerance to barbiturates develops ________ while tolerance to benzodiazepines develops ________.

Rapidly; more slowly

What is abstinence syndrome?

Insomnia, aching, anxiety, depression from not using substance lasting for months

What are stimulants?

Stimulate/arouse CNS by influencing rate of uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Stimulants are the ______ used and abused drugs

Most commonly

What is nicotine?

Stimulant that stimulates release of DA

What are the long term health risks of tobacco?

Cancer, respiratory illness, heart disease

What are the types of treatment for tobacco?

Psychological and pharmacological

What is the psychological treatment for tobacco?

Counselling, self-help material

What is the pharmacological treatment for tobacco?

Replacements

What is bupropion hydrochloride?

Reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms

What is varenicline tartrate?

Reduce cravings and decrease pleasurable effects

Amphetamines have similar effects to _______.

Adrenaline

What are the two most abused forms of amphetamines?

Methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine

Methamphetamine is also known as...

Speed, ice, crystal

Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) is a ________ with _________ properties.

Stimulant; hallucinogenic

Low doses of amphetamines cause...

Increased alertness, improved attention and cognitive performance, suppressed appetite

Higher doses of amphetamines cause...

Feelings of exhilaration, extroversion, confidence

Very high doses of amphetamines cause...

Restlessness and anxiety

Repeated high doses of amphetamines can cause...

Hallucinations, delirium, paranoia

What are the 2 long term effects of ecstasy?

Permanent depletion of serotonin, neuropsychiatric problems

What are the short term effects of cocaine?

Euphoria, confidence, increased dopamine

High doses of cocaine can cause...

Overstimulation of CNS

What are the physical symptoms of cocaine?

Increased blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, fever, convulsions, coma

What are the psychological treatments for amphetamines and cocaine?

12-step programs, CBT, management programs

What are the biological treatments for amphetamines and cocaine?

Antidepressants, methylphenidate

What are the MAIN effects of opioids?

Reduction of pain and sleep inducement

The most commonly abused opioid is ________.

Heroin

What are the effects of heroin?

Immediate pleasure, dulled senses, sedation

Higher doses of heroin can cause _______ and even _______.

Comas; death

Withdrawal symptoms for opioid are ___________ and begin __________ after last dose.

Extremely severe; 8 hours

What does naltrexone do?

Alleviates initial withdrawal symptoms

What does methadone do?

Heroin replacement, used to reduce cravings

Two types of cannabis are...

Marijuana and hashish

Marijuana is made of...

Dried and crushed leaves/flowers from hemp plant

Hashish is made of...

Resin produced by plant, much stronger form

Cannabis generally has _______ effects, but can increase___________ and produce _________.

Depressive; heart rate; hallucinations

What is the prevalence of cannabis use?

37.5%

What are the effects of cannabis?

Deficits in motor skills, short term memory, reaction time, attention, increased blood pressure, appetite

Small doses of cannabis cause _______ and ________ while high doses cause _________.

Euphoria; relaxation; hallucinations

What are 3 effects long-term users of cannabis may face?

Lung problems, cancer, fertility problems

What is amotivational syndrome?

Continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from others, abandonment of goals

Cannabis is used as a treatment for...

Cancer, AIDS, glaucoma

What is the lifetime prevalence of cannabis?

6.8%

What are the treatments for cannabis?

Treatment programs, CBT and motivational enhancement, pharmacological therapy

What do hallucinogens do?

Change person's mental state by inducing perceptual and sensory distortions

What are 3 hallucinogens?

LSD Mescaline Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

What is the prevalence of hallucinogens?

13.1%

What are the effects of hallucinogens?

Sensory experiences, euphoria, distortion of senses, flashbacks

What are characteristics of gambling disorder?

Short-term pleasure, relief from negative feelings, cravings, alters mood and perception

What is the prevalence of gambling disorder?

80%

DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder patterned after those for __________.

Substance dependence

What are the treatments for gambling disorder?

Evidence-based treatments, family interventions, prevention models

What are the evidence-based treatments for gambling disorder?

CBT, motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, online/app=based models