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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 12 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from expectations of individual’s culture

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2
Q

What are characteristics of personality disorder?

A

Rigid and inflexible

Highly inappropriate behaviour to others

Restricted range of traits compared to others

Causes distress to others

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3
Q

What are the 3 DSM-5 clusters of personality disorders?

A

Custer A: Odd and eccentric

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic

Cluster C: Anxious and fearful

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4
Q

What are the disorders under Cluster A?

A

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

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5
Q

What are the disorders of Cluster B?

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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6
Q

What are the disorders of Cluster C?

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

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7
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of personality disorders?

A

6.7%

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8
Q

Cluster ____ seek treatment most, followed by cluster ____, then cluster ____.

A

B; C; A

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9
Q

For personality disorders, functioning is often __________.

A

Egosyntonic

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10
Q

In diagnosing personality disorders, ______ reliability is typically good, but _____ reliability is weak.

A

Interrater; test-retest

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11
Q

What are the biases for diagnosing personality disorder?

A

Gender and cultural

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12
Q

What are the gender biases of diagnosing personality disorders?

A

Clinician bias

Bias in DSM criteria

Systemic bias

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13
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Co-occurrence of 2+ different diagnoses

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14
Q

What is diagnostic overlap?

A

Similarity of symptoms in 2+ different disorders

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15
Q

What is the psychodynamic view of the development of personality disorders?

A

Disturbances in parent-child relationship

Separation-individuation

Inadequate sense of self

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16
Q

What is attachment theory of PD?

A

When bond to parents poor, child lacks inter-relational confidence

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17
Q

What is the cognitive-behavioural perspective of PD?

A

Disordered schemas developed early in life

New events distort to maintain validity of schemas

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18
Q

What are the biological factors of PD?

A

Genetics, dysfunction of prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

Cluster A has ______ links with ______ and ______.

A

Genetic; schizophrenia; mood disorders

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20
Q

Cluster B has ______ factors and _____ problems.

A

Biological; attachment

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21
Q

Cluster C has limited investigation of _______.

A

Causal factors

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22
Q

What is paranoid personality disorder?

A

Suspiciousness concerning motives of other people

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23
Q

People with paranoid personality disorder have problems in _________, with a need for ________, _________ and ________ nature.

A

Relationships; control; jealous; suspicious

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24
Q

PPD has a genetic link with _________.

A

Schizophrenia

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25
Q

The difference between PPD and schizophrenia is…

A

Severity of paranoid beliefs

Schizophrenia delusions, PPD within realm of possibility

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26
Q

What is schizoid personality disorder?

A

Completely uninterested in intimate involvement with others

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27
Q

People with schizoid personality disorder lack ____________, prefer ________, and avoid _________.

A

Emotional responsiveness; being alone; social relations

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28
Q

Schizoid personality disorder mirrors negative symptoms of ______ but may be more related to ______.

A

Schizophrenia; asocial disorders

29
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Extremely superstitious and odd beliefs/behaviours

30
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder DOES NOT meet criteria for ____________.

A

Delusional/hallucinatory psychotic experiences

31
Q

What are the differences between schizophrenia, schizotypal PD, and schizoid PD?

A

Schizophrenia: psychotic symptoms (hallucinations/delusions)

Schizotypal: odd beliefs/behaviours

Schizoid: absolute disinterest/indifference to others

32
Q

What is the difference between antisocial PD and psychopathy?

A

Antisocial PD: observable behaviours, disregard/violation of others

Psychopathy: “users” of others, antisocial/violent behaviours

33
Q

Only small portion of ________ are _______, but most _______ individuals are also _______.

A

ASPD; psychopathic

Psychopathic; ASPD

34
Q

What are the 3 etiologies of ASPD?

A

Genetics, social/family factors, psychological factors

35
Q

How do social/family factors affect ASPD?

A

Inconsistent responding/punishing from parents

36
Q

What is the fearlessness hypothesis of ASPD?

A

Higher thresholds for feelings fear, so fear not as strong

37
Q

Based on Schmauk’s study, ASPD patients responded well to ________ punishments, but not ________ or ________ punishments.

A

Tangible; social; physical

38
Q

Symptoms of ASPD often _________ over time and likely __________ by _________.

A

Remit; disappear; 4th decade of life

39
Q

ASPD treatment response is generally ________.

A

Poor

40
Q

Treatment for ASPD should be aimed at…

A

Symptom reduction and behaviour management

41
Q

Psychopathy is strongly linked to ______ and ______.

A

Aggression; violence

42
Q

What is selective impulsivity theory of psychopathy?

A

Will act impulsively only if consequences worth the risk

43
Q

In forensic populations, approximately _____ inmates psychopaths

A

15-25%

44
Q

What are the 5 brain parts for abnormality of psychopathy?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Hippocampus

Angular gyrus

Basal ganglia

Amygdala

45
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitters associated with psychopathy and what happens to them?

A

Low serotonin activity and high dopamine activity

46
Q

Environmental factor of psychopathy is…

A

Emotional deprivation (abuse, neglect)

47
Q

What is fundamental psychopathy?

A

Result of biological predisposition hindering ability to experience emotions

48
Q

What is secondary psychopathy?

A

Result of negative environmental experiences

49
Q

Precursors to psychopathy emerge in childhood, such as…

A

Callous and unemotional traits

50
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and marked impulsivity

51
Q

What are the 9 DSM-5 criterion for BPD?

A

Unstable interpersonal relationships

Avoid abandonment

Problems with sense of self

Impulsive

Suicidal/self-harming

Affective instability

Emptiness

Anger

Paranoid ideation/severe dissociative behaviours

52
Q

The 5 dysregulations associated with BPD are…

A

Emotional, interpersonal, self, behavioural, cognitive

53
Q

What are the 4 etiologies of BPD?

A

Childhood experiences

Attachment problems

Biological factors

Genetics

54
Q

What are the biological factors of BPD?

A

Reduced grey matter in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

55
Q

What are the 2 factors of biosocial theory?

A

Emotional vulnerability, invalidating environment

56
Q

What is the treatment for BPD?

A

DBT (build life worth living)

57
Q

What is histrionic personality disorder?

A

“Life of the party”, attention-seeking behaviours

58
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Grandiose and consider selves to have unique/outstanding abilities

59
Q

What characterizes narcissistic personality disorder?

A

“Me, me, me”, cannot handle criticism, exploit others

60
Q

What is avoidant personality disorder?

A

Pervasive pattern of avoiding interpersonal contacts

61
Q

What is the parental rejection theory of avoidant PD?

A

Lack self-confidence and avoid others for fear of further rejection

62
Q

What is dependent personality disorder?

A

Afraid to rely on self to make decisions, seek reassurance from others and submissive role

63
Q

Female relative to those with DPD are likely to have _________ while male relatives to those with DPD are likely to have _______.

A

Panic disorder; depression

64
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A

Inflexibility and desire for perfection

65
Q

How does OCPD differ from OCD?

A

OCPD absence of obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviours

66
Q

What are barriers to treatments for PDs?

A

Patients not see problem

Difficulty maintaining therapeutic relationships

Treatment context

67
Q

What is object relations therapy?

A

Correct aspects of self resulting from unfortunate early experiences, importance of therapeutic relationship

68
Q

What are the cognitive-behavioural approaches to treatment for PDs?

A

Beck’s CBT, DBT

69
Q

Pharmacological interventions work best for _______ personality disorder.

A

Borderline

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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