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Biology 202: > Chapter: 9: prt: 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Chapter: 9: prt: 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the energy main currency for cells?

A

ATP

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2
Q

On ATP what bonds hold the most energy?

A

The Phospho-hydride bonds between the phosphate groups.

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3
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed which phosphate group is broken?

A

the bond between the second and third phosphate group.

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4
Q

What is the result of ATP hydrolyzed reaction?

A

ATP + Water yields ADP + inorganic phosphate + 7.3 kcal/mol ATP

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5
Q

Oil Rig?

A

Oxidation it loses

Reduction it gains

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6
Q

For every reduction or oxidation there is an?

A

Oxidation or Reduction

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7
Q

Is an oxidation reaction
Is an reduction reaction
ENDERGONIC or EXERGOINIC?

A
  1. ) exergonic

2. )endergonic

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8
Q

Enthalpy looks at what?

A

Changes in potential energy

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9
Q

Entropy looks at what?

A

Changes in disorder

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10
Q

How reactions occur very efficiently?

A
  • stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

- small activation energies overcome by body temperature.

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11
Q

Some energy released during a carbon oxidation is temporarily blanked?

A

Captured

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12
Q

During a carbon oxidation reaction the energy temporarily captured in the form of high energy electrons is to ………?

A

Reduce NAD+ to NADH

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions .

- That takes glucose as a precursor and turns it into two molecules of pyruvate.

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15
Q

in glycolysis, for every one mole of glucose there is how many moles of Pyruvate?

A

2

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16
Q

What happens to the carbons in pyruvate as opposed to the carbons in glucose? (glycolysis)

A
  • They are oxidized in pyruvate
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17
Q

How many total reactions occur during glycolysis?

A

10

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18
Q

What is the energy-investment phase of glycolysis?

A
  • The first half of the reactions in glycolysis

- Requires ATP to increase the potential energy of the early intermediates within these reactions.

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19
Q

How is ATP used in the beginning of glycolysis?

i.e step 1

A
  • To convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate the reaction stripes ATP of one of its phosphate groups. (step 1)
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20
Q

How is ATP used in the beginning of glycolysis?

i.e step 3?

A
  • A different enzyme then step one catalyzes the reaction.

- By: hydrolyzing ATP and attaches it the phosphate group to in turn yield Fructose 1,6-biphospate

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21
Q

What is the key regulatory step in glycolysis?

A

step 3

22
Q

What is the chemical equation for the energy-investment phase?

A

2 ATP yields 2ADP

23
Q

What is the second half of glycolysis?

A
  • Energy recovery phase: regain the ATP from the energy-investment phase. ( total of 4 ATP)
24
Q

In the Energy recovery phase, how do we go from ADP to ATP?

A
  • The phosphate bonded to the 1st carbon on the 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate is added back to ADP.
25
Q

How are ATP made during glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

26
Q

What is the net gain/lose of ATP via glycolysis?

A
  • net gain of 2 ATP molecules
27
Q

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

When an enzyme in its active site binds both to ADP molecule is bonded to an Phosphorylated substrate.

28
Q

How is glycolysis regulated?

A

Feedback inhibition

29
Q

When does Feedback inhibition occur?

A

When the product of some metabolic pathway acts allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme at an earlier step in that pathway.

30
Q

Glycolysis is regulated by the feedback inhibition of blank as an allosteric inhibitor?

A

ATP

31
Q

In glycolysis which step is the target for the feedback inhibition?

A

Step 3

32
Q

What is the enzyme that mediates step three of glycolysis feedback inhibition?

A

phosphofructokinase

33
Q

How many binding sites does phosphofructokinase have for ATP?

A

2

  • an active site
  • an allosteric binding site
34
Q

How do the two binding sites for ATP differ on phosphofructokinase ?

A
  • The active site has a much stronger affinity for ATP
35
Q

What happens to the pyruvates following glycolysis?

A
  • it exits the cytosol and enters the Mitochondria, crossing its double membrane and resides in the mitochondrial matrix.
36
Q

Where do the Krebs cycle and pyruvate processing take place?

A

-mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

What is pyruvate processing?

A

-You take 2 pyruvate (per glucose) and you yield Acetyl Co.

-

38
Q

What are the differences in structure between Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate is a 3 carbon structure and Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon structure.

39
Q

What happens to the third carbon in pyruvate during the pyruvate processing?

A
  • It is totally oxidized and forms into CO2
40
Q

Where does some of the energy go to that was used to oxidize carbon in pyruvate processing?

A
  • To NAD+ to form NADH.
41
Q

2 Pyruvates per glucose yields what in pyruvate processing?

A

2 acetyl-CoA and 2 CO2

42
Q

What is the process that completes the oxidation of the 2 acetyl-CoA and 2 C?

A

Krebs cycle

43
Q

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle?

A
  • 8 steps.
44
Q

T/F: in the Krebs cycle you end where you started?

A

True

45
Q

At what step in the Krebs cycle is 1 of the carbons oxidized?

A
  • Step 3
46
Q

At what step in the Krebs cycle is 2 of the carbons oxidized?

A
  • Step four
47
Q

At what step in the Krebs cycle is there a substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

5

48
Q

How many times does the Krebs cycle occur for each molecule of glucose?

A

Twice.

49
Q

What is the difference between GTP and ATP

A
  • it contains a guanine instead of an adenine

- Still had the high energy yielding bonds between phosphates.

50
Q

How is the Citric Acid Cycle regulated?

A
  • feedback inhibition by NADH and ATP.

- NADH and ATP (Allosteric inhibitors)

51
Q

Following the Krebs cycle what remains?

A

6 fully oxidized carbons ( CO2)
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH

52
Q

t/f: each step in the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by a different enzyme?

A

True.

Biology 202: (39 decks)

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