Chapter: 9: prt: 1, 2, 3

Question 1

What is the energy main currency for cells?

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

On ATP what bonds hold the most energy?

Answer 2

The Phospho-hydride bonds between the phosphate groups.

Question 3

When ATP is hydrolyzed which phosphate group is broken?

Answer 3

the bond between the second and third phosphate group.

Question 4

What is the result of ATP hydrolyzed reaction?

Answer 4

ATP + Water yields ADP + inorganic phosphate + 7.3 kcal/mol ATP

Question 5

Oil Rig?

Answer 5

Oxidation it loses

Reduction it gains

Question 6

For every reduction or oxidation there is an?

Answer 6

Oxidation or Reduction

Question 7

Is an oxidation reaction
Is an reduction reaction
ENDERGONIC or EXERGOINIC?

Answer 7

1. ) exergonic

2. )endergonic

Question 8

Enthalpy looks at what?

Answer 8

Changes in potential energy

Question 9

Entropy looks at what?

Answer 9

Changes in disorder

Question 10

How reactions occur very efficiently?

Answer 10

• stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

- small activation energies overcome by body temperature.

Question 11

Some energy released during a carbon oxidation is temporarily blanked?

Answer 11

Captured

Question 12

During a carbon oxidation reaction the energy temporarily captured in the form of high energy electrons is to ………?

Answer 12

Reduce NAD+ to NADH

Question 13

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 13

Cytosol

Question 14

What is glycolysis?

Answer 14

A series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions .

- That takes glucose as a precursor and turns it into two molecules of pyruvate.

Question 15

in glycolysis, for every one mole of glucose there is how many moles of Pyruvate?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

What happens to the carbons in pyruvate as opposed to the carbons in glucose? (glycolysis)

Answer 16

• They are oxidized in pyruvate

Question 17

How many total reactions occur during glycolysis?

Answer 17

10

Question 18

What is the energy-investment phase of glycolysis?

Answer 18

• The first half of the reactions in glycolysis

- Requires ATP to increase the potential energy of the early intermediates within these reactions.

Question 19

How is ATP used in the beginning of glycolysis?

i.e step 1

Answer 19

• To convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate the reaction stripes ATP of one of its phosphate groups. (step 1)

Question 20

How is ATP used in the beginning of glycolysis?

i.e step 3?

Answer 20

• A different enzyme then step one catalyzes the reaction.

- By: hydrolyzing ATP and attaches it the phosphate group to in turn yield Fructose 1,6-biphospate

Question 21

What is the key regulatory step in glycolysis?

Answer 21

step 3

Question 22

What is the chemical equation for the energy-investment phase?

Answer 22

2 ATP yields 2ADP

Question 23

What is the second half of glycolysis?

Answer 23

• Energy recovery phase: regain the ATP from the energy-investment phase. ( total of 4 ATP)

Question 24

In the Energy recovery phase, how do we go from ADP to ATP?

Answer 24

• The phosphate bonded to the 1st carbon on the 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate is added back to ADP.

Question 25

How are ATP made during glycolysis?

Answer 25

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 26

What is the net gain/lose of ATP via glycolysis?

Answer 26

- net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Question 27

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Answer 27

When an enzyme in its active site binds both to ADP molecule is bonded to an Phosphorylated substrate.

Question 28

How is glycolysis regulated?

Answer 28

Feedback inhibition

Question 29

When does Feedback inhibition occur?

Answer 29

When the product of some metabolic pathway acts allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme at an earlier step in that pathway.

Question 30

Glycolysis is regulated by the feedback inhibition of blank as an allosteric inhibitor?

Answer 30

ATP

Question 31

In glycolysis which step is the target for the feedback inhibition?

Answer 31

Step 3

Question 32

What is the enzyme that mediates step three of glycolysis feedback inhibition?

Answer 32

phosphofructokinase

Question 33

How many binding sites does phosphofructokinase have for ATP?

Answer 33

2 - an active site - an allosteric binding site

Question 34

How do the two binding sites for ATP differ on phosphofructokinase ?

Answer 34

- The active site has a much stronger affinity for ATP

Question 35

What happens to the pyruvates following glycolysis?

Answer 35

- it exits the cytosol and enters the Mitochondria, crossing its double membrane and resides in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 36

Where do the Krebs cycle and pyruvate processing take place?

Answer 36

-mitochondrial matrix

Question 37

What is pyruvate processing?

Answer 37

-You take 2 pyruvate (per glucose) and you yield Acetyl Co. | -

Question 38

What are the differences in structure between Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA?

Answer 38

Pyruvate is a 3 carbon structure and Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon structure.

Question 39

What happens to the third carbon in pyruvate during the pyruvate processing?

Answer 39

- It is totally oxidized and forms into CO2

Question 40

Where does some of the energy go to that was used to oxidize carbon in pyruvate processing?

Answer 40

- To NAD+ to form NADH.

Question 41

2 Pyruvates per glucose yields what in pyruvate processing?

Answer 41

2 acetyl-CoA and 2 CO2

Question 42

What is the process that completes the oxidation of the 2 acetyl-CoA and 2 C?

Answer 42

Krebs cycle

Question 43

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle?

Answer 43

- 8 steps.

Question 44

T/F: in the Krebs cycle you end where you started?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

At what step in the Krebs cycle is 1 of the carbons oxidized?

Answer 45

- Step 3

Question 46

At what step in the Krebs cycle is 2 of the carbons oxidized?

Answer 46

- Step four

Question 47

At what step in the Krebs cycle is there a substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 47

5

Question 48

How many times does the Krebs cycle occur for each molecule of glucose?

Answer 48

Twice.

Question 49

What is the difference between GTP and ATP

Answer 49

- it contains a guanine instead of an adenine | - Still had the high energy yielding bonds between phosphates.

Question 50

How is the Citric Acid Cycle regulated?

Answer 50

- feedback inhibition by NADH and ATP. | - NADH and ATP (Allosteric inhibitors)

Question 51

Following the Krebs cycle what remains?

Answer 51

6 fully oxidized carbons ( CO2) 4 ATP 10 NADH 2 FADH

Question 52

t/f: each step in the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by a different enzyme?

Answer 52

True.