CHapter 4

Question 1

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 1

DNA and RNA

Question 2

What is the three part structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 2

Phosphate group is bonded to a 5-Carbon sugar

Nitrogenous base.

Question 3

What nucleotide that form rna?

Answer 3

Ribose

Question 4

What nucleotide that form DNA?

Answer 4

deoxyribose

Question 5

What’s the difference between a ribose and a deoxyribose?

Answer 5

deoxyribose.: Attached to carbon two is a hydrogen

ribose, attached to the carbon two is a hydroxide

Question 6

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 6

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine

Question 7

Out of the nitrogenous bases which ones can be used to form DNA? and RNA

Answer 7

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine

Question 8

Which of the nitrogenous bases are used to form only DNA?

Answer 8

Thymine

Question 9

Which of the nitrogenous bases are used to form only RNA?

Answer 9

Uracil

Question 10

What is the difference between the pyrimidines and the purines?

Answer 10

These are the two types of nitrogenous bases used to form nucleotides.
Purines: double hydro-carbon ring
Pyrimidines: Single hydro-carbon ring

Question 11

What is the ribose problem?

Answer 11

In an experiment conducted to test the prebiotic earth it was found that most of the sugars formed in these environment are 6/3 carbon sugars, and it is quite difficult to get ribose to form here.

Question 12

What is the pyridine problem?

Answer 12

In an experiment conducted to test the prebiotic earth

they found that it is much easier to get purines to form as opposed to pyrimdine

Question 13

Nucleic acids are polymers of what?

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

When do condensation reactions occur?

Answer 14

anytime you make a biological polymer.

Question 15

Describe the condensation reaction that takes place in nucleotides?

Answer 15

The hydroxide groups on the neighboring five prime phosphate group and 3 prime bond.

Question 16

What is a phosphodiester linkage?

Answer 16

The bond between the hydroxides of the previous three prime carbons and phosphate groups

Question 17

What is the result of breaking the phosphodiester bond?

Answer 17

You get a lot of potential energy

Question 18

What is electrophoresis?

Answer 18

allows you to separate and study nucleic acids

Question 19

What gives DNA a strong negative charge?

Answer 19

The phosphate groups are negatively charged

Question 20

Who were the key members in the discovery of DNA?

Answer 20

Francis Crik, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Erwin Chargaff

Question 21

What is DNA’s primary structure?

Answer 21

single linear strand

Question 22

Describe the 3 prime and 5 prime ends of the DNA molecule?

Answer 22

5 prime end: phosphate group at the top, attached to it’s five prime carbon
3 prime end: hydroxide group at the bottom, it is attached to the 3 prime carbon

Question 23

Why is the 3 prime and 5 prime ends of the DNA significant?

Answer 23

it makes the molecule polar, which is important for it’s structure.

Question 24

What was Erwin Chargaff known for?

Answer 24

He compared the ratios of nucleotides of various organisms.

- He found the ratio of purines to pyrimidines, and adenine to thymine are both 1:1.

Question 25

What was Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin known for?

Answer 25

DNA is a helix Mr White

Question 26

What was Francis Crik and James Watson known for?

Answer 26

If you had two strands of DNA with purines opposite of one anther there two small to fit in the width of the DNA double helix. If you have two strands of DNA with pyrimidine-pyrimidine on opposite sides it is too large for the space - If you had a purine and a pyrimidine that is prefect for the space and they can form hydrogen bonds.

Question 27

What is the difference between the major and minor groups of the DNA.

Answer 27

Major- proteins bind with specific sequences | Minor- proteins bind with whateva

Question 28

Describe how DNA serves as a complementary strand?

Answer 28

with DNA splits in half it serves as a template to copy itself

Question 29

What is the main structural differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 29

RNA is not double stranded

Question 30

Because RNA is single stranded what can it do structurally?

Answer 30

It can fold up to make a variety of secondary and tertiary structures

Question 31

What are the varying functions of RNA, because of its ability to change into many vastly different shapes?

Answer 31

Some are information carries: Some are structural: Some are even catalytic:

Question 32

Describe the process of RNA synthesis:

Answer 32

1. ) complementary bases pair 2. ) copied strand polymerizes 3. ) copy and template separate 4. ) copy serves as the new template 5. ) new copy polymerizes 6. ) New copy is identical to the original template

Question 33

Is it possible for there to be a self-replicating RNA?

Answer 33

No, but we can generate self directed RNA replicators

Question 34

How is RNA involved with making proteins?

Answer 34

RNA in ribosomes catalyzes peptide bond formation

Question 35

What is the RNA world hypothesis?

Answer 35

RNA arised through chemical evolution and catalyze the formation of other complex molecules.