Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Question 2

What is the characterized formal of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

(CH2O)sub N

n= 3, 4 , 5 ,6 carbons

Question 3

What are the variances in monosaccharides?

Answer 3

structurally: carbonyl group variances in location
Number of carbons:
orientation of their hydroxyl groups:

Question 4

What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?

Answer 4

Aldose- carbonyl group is in the end of the carbon chain

Ketose- carbonyl group is in the middle of the carbon chain

Question 5

What is a carbohydrate with 3,5 ,6 carbons referred to as?

Answer 5

trioses, pentoses, hexoses

Question 6

Glucose vs Galactose?

Answer 6

same chemical formula but differencing locations of their hydroxyl groups

Question 7

what kinds of carbons/carbohydrates can form linear rings?

Answer 7

pentoses and hexoses can form rings

Question 8

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 8

a- the hydroxyl group is pointing in the opposite direction as carbon 6. (below the plane of the molecule)
b- the hydroxyl group is pointing in the same direction as carbon 6. ( above the plane molecule)

Question 9

What is the chance glucose forms alpha/beta glucose?

Answer 9

50 % chance either one forms

Question 10

polysaccharides are blanks of monosaccharides?

Answer 10

polymers

Question 11

how do polysaccharides form?

Answer 11

a condensation reaction, in which two alpha-glucoses form a bond via an oxygen molecule connected via two carbons. (glycosidic linkage)

Question 12

What are the different formations of glycosidic linkages?

Answer 12

Alpha form- maltose: hydrogens in the middle or where the bond occurs are pointed upward
Beta form- lactose: hydrogens in the middle or where the bond occurs are pointed downward

Question 13

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

store chemical energy
structure
cell-cell recognition
building blocks of lots of other biological macromolecules.

Question 14

What is glycogen?

Answer 14

A type of carbohydrate that is stored and used for energy.

Question 15

What do storage carbohydrates have in common?

Answer 15

The use alpha glucoses connected by alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds.

Question 16

What are some examples of structural polysaccharides?

Answer 16

Cellulose- in plant cell wall
Chitin- in insect exoskeleton
Peptidoglycan- bacterial cell wall in bacteria

Question 17

How do structural polysaccharides differ from storage polysaccharides ?

Answer 17

storage- They use alpha glucoses connected by alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds
structural- they utilize beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 18

How do the beta 1,4 glycodic bonded polysaccharide strands bond together?

Answer 18

hydrogen bonds.

Question 19

What is cell-cell recognition?

Answer 19

Each carbohydrate cell contains Oligosaccharide that bonds to the membrane of the cell.
There are so many of them that the cell gets a coating, which is referred to as the glycocalyx.
The glycocalyx is the first part of the cell to come in contact with anther.
Therefore, when it senses anther glycocalyx or not it can determine what kind of cell it is.

Question 20

How do carbohydrates serve as building blocks for lots of other biological macromolecules?

Answer 20

When glucose is broken down its contents can be used to form lots of other macromolecules.