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Biology 202: > Chapter 10 Parts 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Parts 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the stoma control?

A

They can open and close to allow for the diffusion of gas into and out of the cell.

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2
Q

How is carbon involved in the Calvin cycle.

A

CO2 enters the cell via the stoma and then is reduced to make sugars.

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3
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle taking place?

A
  • The stroma of the chloroplast.

- the liquid matrix of the chloroplast

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4
Q

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. ) Fixation
  2. ) Reduction
  3. ) Regeneration
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5
Q

Describe the fixation phase of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • grab gases from the atmosphere ( CO2) and stick them to organic molecules within the cell.
  • .) 3RuBP + 3CO2 —–> 6 3PGA
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6
Q

Where does the energy from the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle come from?

A
  • Products of the light dependent reactions, these occur prior to the Calvin Cycle.
  • Chemical energy in the form ATP and NADPH
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7
Q

Describe the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  • The product from fixation: ( 2 3PGA) is put into a reaction with the products from the light dependent reactions (ATP & NADPH).
  • To form two organic molecules ( 5G3P & 1 G3P)
  • 2 3PGA + 6ATP & 6NADPH —-> 5G3P & 1 G3P
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8
Q

What did Dr.Reedy say the ATP and NADPH were created for via the light dependent reactions?

A
  • Motha
  • Fuckin
  • CARBON REDUCTION
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9
Q

t/f : all steps of the Calvin Cycle occur in the same place?

A

True, they all occur in the stroma.

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10
Q

What takes place in the regeneration phase of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  • Some products of the previous steps are used to regenerate RuBP.
  • 5G3P + 3ATP —-> 3RuBP
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11
Q

What do the 3CO2 that we begin the Calvin Cycle with tell us?

A
  • Since the product is G3P, which is a carbon compound, we known that serves to build other organic molecules.
  • Therefore, if you bring 3 carbons into the system you are able to pull out three to get back to where you started.
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12
Q

T/F: Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on the planet?

A

True

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13
Q

What does Rubisco do?

A
  • It is a massive enzyme used to catalyze the fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle.
  • Grabs a CO2 and binds it to the end of a 5 carbon compound RuBP.
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14
Q

In the fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle what happens after the RuBP has a CO2 bound to its end?

A
  • Forms a 6 carbon complex that is cut in half to form 2

3PGA.

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15
Q

How many active sites does the enzyme, Rubisco, contain?

- What does this mean in terms of its effectiveness?

A
  • 8
  • 2.) It can potentially catalyze 8 of these reactions at one time, thus “ making it an absolute fucking Pablo Escobar”- Marcus Reedy PhD.
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16
Q

What provides the energy in the first step of the Reduction phase?
i.e. the 3PGA needs what to move to the second step?

A
  • 6 ATP
17
Q

What provides the energy in the second step of the Reduction phase allowing for the reduction of carbon to form G3P?

A

Energy from 6NADPH

18
Q

Out of the 6 G3P that are produced from the reduction phase, how many are pulled out to make other organic molecules?
- What are examples of those other molecules that are being made from G3P + only Jesus knowns?

A
  1. ) 1 is removed.

2. ) Fructose, glucose, etc.

19
Q

Where do the 5 remaining G3P go?

A
  • They enter the regeneration phase of the Calvin Cycle.

- This plus in addition to ATP is used to regenerate RuBP.

20
Q

What is the purpose of the regeneration step to the Calvin Cycle?

A
  • Regenerate RuBP so the cycle may continue.
21
Q

How many times does the Calvin Cycle have to occur?

- Why

A
  1. ) 3 cycles per influx of 3 CO2
  2. ) this is because we only remove one G3P per cycle and we need to remove 3 G3P to create a full one.
    - A full one allows for the creation of other organic molecules.
22
Q

What was Marcus’s PR Bench Press?

- With a greater concentration of mitochondria located in his pec’s and tri’s what did this equate to?

A
  • A shear minimum of 675 pounds

- Thor’s strength and an absurd amount of dates from women in the biology department

23
Q

What do the sugars made from the Calvin cycle do?

A
  • They are used to make sucrose or starches
24
Q

What is the chemical equation if Rubisco is in the presence of lots of O2 molecules?
i.e. what reaction is taking place in the fixation step of the Calvin Cycle?

A

RuBP + O2 —-> 3-phosphoglycerate( used in Calvin Cycle) + 2-phosphoglycolate (when processed CO2 is released and ATP is used)

25
Q

When does oxygen bind to the Rubisco?

A

During photorespiration

26
Q

What is the problem with the 2-phospohglycolate produced when O2 + RuBP occurs?

A
  • it requires a fair amount of energy ( ATP) to break it down, and it isn’t very useful in the cell.
  • Further it hinders the effectiveness of the photosynthetic ability of the plant.
27
Q

If their is a massive influx of oxygen what will likely be carried out?

A
  • Photorespiration:
28
Q

Why is photorespiration a problem for plants that live in prolonged extremely dry conditions?

A
  • Yes, when their stomata open CO2 can diffuse in and O2/H2O out, but plants also loose water vaper.
  • Water vapor loss is significant: since it is a prolonged period of dryness the plant can begin to desiccate.
29
Q

How do plants in extremely dry conditions keep from desiccating?
- What does their counteraction do?

A
  • They close their stomata for long periods of time.
    2. ) because the stomata are closed no more CO2 can diffuse in and O2/H2O can’t get out
  • This leads to photorespiration.
30
Q

What is the alternative pathway that plants in prolonged dry conditions use instead of photorespiration?

A

The C4 pathway:

  • There is use of an alternate enzyme PEP carboxylase.
  • This takes CO2 from the atmosphere and places it on a 3-Carbon compound generating a four carbon acid.
31
Q

What is the chemical equation of the C4 pathway in plants?

A
  • C4 plants:
    3-Carbon + CO2 ——————————-> 4-carbon organic
    compound PEP carboxylase acid
32
Q

What is the chemical equation of the C3 pathway in plants?

A
  • C3 plants:
    RuBP + CO2 ————————–>2 3-phosphoglycerate
    Rubisco ( 3-carbon organic acid)
33
Q

What are the two broad categories of plants that use the C-4 pathway of carbon fixation?
- Also, describe the differences between the two.

A

C4 plants: mesophyll cells that contain PEP Carboxylase carry out these reactions.
- The product, a four carbon compound is eventually broken down, and the CO2 is re-released to diffuse into the adjacent bundle sheath cells.
- These cells carry out normal photosynthesis, as light independent reactions occur here and meaning there is no excess of O2.
——————————————————————–
CAM plants: They open up their stomata at night using PEP Carboxylase, when it is safe ( sun involves water vapor loss).
- At night they open the Stomata and CO2 enters the cell.
- PEP Carboxylase fixes the CO2 and generates a 4-C compound.
- It does through the duration of the night and builds up large quantities of the 4-C compound.
- Then, during the day the 4-C compound is broken down to CO2 and the Calvin cycle can occur.
——————————————————————-
Commonalties: Both contain rubisco, but carry out C4 pathway first.

34
Q

Which cells near the leaf surface contain the PEP carboxylase?
In these cells what other type of reaction occurs here?

A
  • The mesophyll cells.

- The light dependent reactions.

35
Q

Which cell near the leaf surface contains rubisco?

In these cells what other type of reaction occurs here?

A

bundle sheath cells.
They carry out light independent reactions, therefore they lack oxygen and they can continue to carry out photosynthesis.

36
Q

CAM plants vs C4 plants?

examples?

A 
CAM = desert shit
C4 = shit in Omaha- Dr. Sneedy

Biology 202: (39 decks)

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