Chapter 9: Obstetrics & Neonatology Flashcards
gamete
mature germ cell (male/female)
conception
beginning of pregnancy when sperm enters egg
zygote
cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
embryo
unborn offspring in the stage of development from zygote implantation to end of 8th week of pregnancy.
fetus
unborn offspring from start of 9th week of pregnancy until birth
gestation
development of a new individual from conception to birth
gestation period
duration of pregnancy. normally 38-42 weeks. divided into trimesters
implantation
embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining. The process normally begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days
placenta
structure that grows on wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the fetus (also called afterbirth)
amniotic sac
membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery (amnionic sac; bag of waters)
chorion
outermost layer of the fetal membrane
amnion
innermost layer of the fetal membrane
amniotic fluid
fluid within the amniotic sac which surrounds the fetus (amnionic fluid)
umbilicus
navel; marks the site of attachment of the umbilical cord to the fetus
amni/o
amnion, amniotic fluid
amnion/o
amnion, amniotic fluid
chori/o
chorion
fet/i, fet/o
fetus, unborn offspring
gravid/o
pregnancy
lact/o
milk
nat/o
birth
omphal/o
umbilicus, navel
par/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
part/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
puerper/o
childbirth
carcin/o
cancer
cephal/o
head
episi/o
vulva
esophag/o
esophagus
hydr/o
water
hyster/o
uterus
olig/o
scanty, few
pelv/i
pelvis, pelvic cavity
prim/i
first
pseud/o
false
pylor/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
son/o
sound
terat/o
malformations
trache/o
trachea
ante-
before
dys-
difficult, labored, abnormal, painful
intra-
within
micro-
small
multi-
many
neo-
new
nulli-
none
poly-
many, much
post-
after
pre-
before
-a
noun suffix; no meaning
-al
pertaining to
-amnios
amnion, amniotic fluid
-cele
hernia, protrusion
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-cyesis
pregnancy
-e
no meaning, noun suffix
-gen
substance or agent that produces or causes
-genic
producing, originating, causing
-graphy
process of recording, radiographic imaging
-ic
pertaining to
-is
noun suffix, no meaning
-itis
inflammation
-logist
one who studies and treats
-logy
study of
-oma
tumor, swelling
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
-tocia
birth, labor
-tomy
cut into, incision
-um
noun suffix, no meaning
-us
noun suffix, no meaning
amnionitis
inflammation of the amnion
chorioamnionitis
inflammation of the chorion and amnion
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the chorion
dystocia
difficult labor (can be due to ineffective contractions, abnormal pelvic shape, abnormal birth presentation)
hysterorrhexis
rupture of the uterus
oligohydramnios
scanty amnion water- 500mL or less (less than the normal amount)
polyhydramnios
much amnion water- 2000mL or more (more than the normal amount; also called hydramnios)
pseudocyesis
false pregnancy (may be psychological or due to underlying pathology like a uterine tumor)
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before viability, typically before 20wks gestation. spontaneous abortion is the termination of pregnancy that happens naturally (miscarriage)
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
eclampsia
severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion. has the potential to be life threatening
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy occuring outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tubes
placenta previa
abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix. dilation of the cervix can cause separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, causing bleeding. a C- section is needed to save the mom and baby
preeclampsia
abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high BP and proteinuria, but no convulsion. Cause unknown. if not treated, can progress to eclampsia.
microcephalus
(fetus w/ a very) small head
omphalitis
inflammation of the umbilicus
omphalocele
hernia at the umbilicus (a part of the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall at birth)
pyloric stenosis
narrowing pertaining to the pyloric sphincter (congenital pyloric stenosis happens in 1 out of 200 newborns)
tracheoesophageal fistula
abnormal passageway pertaining to the trachea and esophagus
cleft lip/ cleft palate
congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present (cleft indicates a fissure)
coarctation of the aorta
congenital stenosis (narrowing) that occurs in the arch of the aorta
congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
herpes type virus that crosses the placenta. symptoms in newborns may include jaundice, microcephaly, developmental delay and hearing loss; some infants may have no symptoms
congenital heart disease
heart abnormality present at birth
down syndrome
genetic condition caused by chromosomal abnormality which leads to varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disorders. trisomy 21
erythroblastosis fetalis
condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis erythrocytes. the condition is usually caused by incompatibility of the infant’s and mother’s blood. happens when mom’s blood is Rh- and infant is Rh+.
esophageal atresia
congenital absence of part of the esophagus. food cannot pass from the baby’s mouth to stomach
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. various birth defects may present, including central nervous dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face
gastroschisis
congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not the umbilicus. enterocele, protrusion of the intestine, is usually not present
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants. in premies RDS is caused by normal immaturity of the respiratory system resulting in compromised respiration
spina bifida
congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. if the meninges protrude through the opening the condition is called meningocele. protrusion of both the meninges and spinal cord is called meningomyelocele.
amniotomy
incision into the amnion (rupture of the fetal membrane to induce labor; a special hook is generally used to make the incision)
episiotomy
incision into the vulva (perineum) (sometimes performed during a delivery to prevent a traumatic tear of the vulva) (also called perineotomy)
cervical cerclage
suturing the cervix closed to prevent dilation and premature delivery
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
birth of a fetus through an incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
method of fertilizing human ova outside of the body and placing the zygote into the uterus ; used when infertility is present. infertility management techniques that artificially combine both the ova and sperm are called assisted reproductive technology (ART)
amniocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid (its a prenatal test for fetal health/ diagnosing abnormalities)
pelvic sonography
pertaining to the pelvis, process of recording sound (pelvic US used to evaluate the fetus and pregnancy )
nuchal translucency screening
ultrasound test to check the back of the fetal neck for extra fluid or thickening. it is usually performed between 11- 13 wks pregnancy, and when combined with 1st trimester screening blood tests may reveal an increased risk for Down’s or other congenital disorders
quad screen
blood test performed during the 2nd trimester measuring four hormone levels that can reveal an increased risk of certain disorders in the developing fetus (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol and inhibin)
apgar score
system for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 and 5min. after birth. scored on 0-2 scale with 7-10 being normal.
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, response to stimulation, color
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
prenatal test that takes a sample of the area of blood supply in the placenta either through the abdominal wall or the vagina. it is usually performed between 10-13 wks of pregnancy and tests for chromosome and other genetic abnormalities. only used for high risk pregnancies
amniorrhea
discharge (escape) of amniotic fluid
amniorrhexis
rupture of the amnion
lactorrhea
(spontaneous) discharge of milk
antepartum
before childbirth (reference to the mother)
gravida
pregnant (a woman who is or has been pregnant)
gravidopuerperal
pertaining to pregnancy and childbirth (from delivery until repro. organs return to normal)
intrapartum
within (during) labor and childbirth
lactogenic
producing milk (by stimulation)
multigravida
many pregnancies (a woman who has been pregnant 2 or more times)
multipara (multip)
many births (a woman who has given birth to 2 or more viable offspring)
nulligravida
no pregnancies (a woman who has never been pregnant)
nullipara
no births (a woman who has not given birth to a viable offspring)
para
birth (a woman who has given birth to an offspring after the point of viability- 20wks, whether the fetus is alive or stillborn)
postpartum
after childbirth (reference to the mother)
primigravida
first pregnancy
