Chapter 9: Obstetrics & Neonatology Flashcards
gamete
mature germ cell (male/female)
conception
beginning of pregnancy when sperm enters egg
zygote
cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
embryo
unborn offspring in the stage of development from zygote implantation to end of 8th week of pregnancy.
fetus
unborn offspring from start of 9th week of pregnancy until birth
gestation
development of a new individual from conception to birth
gestation period
duration of pregnancy. normally 38-42 weeks. divided into trimesters
implantation
embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining. The process normally begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days
placenta
structure that grows on wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the fetus (also called afterbirth)
amniotic sac
membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery (amnionic sac; bag of waters)
chorion
outermost layer of the fetal membrane
amnion
innermost layer of the fetal membrane
amniotic fluid
fluid within the amniotic sac which surrounds the fetus (amnionic fluid)
umbilicus
navel; marks the site of attachment of the umbilical cord to the fetus
amni/o
amnion, amniotic fluid
amnion/o
amnion, amniotic fluid
chori/o
chorion
fet/i, fet/o
fetus, unborn offspring
gravid/o
pregnancy
lact/o
milk
nat/o
birth
omphal/o
umbilicus, navel
par/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
part/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
puerper/o
childbirth
carcin/o
cancer
cephal/o
head
episi/o
vulva
esophag/o
esophagus
hydr/o
water
hyster/o
uterus
olig/o
scanty, few
pelv/i
pelvis, pelvic cavity
prim/i
first
pseud/o
false
pylor/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
son/o
sound
terat/o
malformations
trache/o
trachea
ante-
before
dys-
difficult, labored, abnormal, painful
intra-
within
micro-
small
multi-
many
neo-
new
nulli-
none
poly-
many, much
post-
after
pre-
before
-a
noun suffix; no meaning
-al
pertaining to
-amnios
amnion, amniotic fluid
-cele
hernia, protrusion
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-cyesis
pregnancy
-e
no meaning, noun suffix
-gen
substance or agent that produces or causes
-genic
producing, originating, causing
-graphy
process of recording, radiographic imaging
-ic
pertaining to
-is
noun suffix, no meaning
-itis
inflammation
-logist
one who studies and treats
-logy
study of
-oma
tumor, swelling
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
-tocia
birth, labor
-tomy
cut into, incision
-um
noun suffix, no meaning
-us
noun suffix, no meaning
amnionitis
inflammation of the amnion
chorioamnionitis
inflammation of the chorion and amnion
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the chorion
dystocia
difficult labor (can be due to ineffective contractions, abnormal pelvic shape, abnormal birth presentation)
hysterorrhexis
rupture of the uterus
oligohydramnios
scanty amnion water- 500mL or less (less than the normal amount)
polyhydramnios
much amnion water- 2000mL or more (more than the normal amount; also called hydramnios)
pseudocyesis
false pregnancy (may be psychological or due to underlying pathology like a uterine tumor)
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before viability, typically before 20wks gestation. spontaneous abortion is the termination of pregnancy that happens naturally (miscarriage)
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
eclampsia
severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion. has the potential to be life threatening
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy occuring outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tubes
placenta previa
abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix. dilation of the cervix can cause separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, causing bleeding. a C- section is needed to save the mom and baby
preeclampsia
abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high BP and proteinuria, but no convulsion. Cause unknown. if not treated, can progress to eclampsia.
microcephalus
(fetus w/ a very) small head
omphalitis
inflammation of the umbilicus
omphalocele
hernia at the umbilicus (a part of the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall at birth)
pyloric stenosis
narrowing pertaining to the pyloric sphincter (congenital pyloric stenosis happens in 1 out of 200 newborns)
tracheoesophageal fistula
abnormal passageway pertaining to the trachea and esophagus
cleft lip/ cleft palate
congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present (cleft indicates a fissure)
coarctation of the aorta
congenital stenosis (narrowing) that occurs in the arch of the aorta
congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
herpes type virus that crosses the placenta. symptoms in newborns may include jaundice, microcephaly, developmental delay and hearing loss; some infants may have no symptoms
congenital heart disease
heart abnormality present at birth
down syndrome
genetic condition caused by chromosomal abnormality which leads to varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disorders. trisomy 21
erythroblastosis fetalis
condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis erythrocytes. the condition is usually caused by incompatibility of the infant’s and mother’s blood. happens when mom’s blood is Rh- and infant is Rh+.
esophageal atresia
congenital absence of part of the esophagus. food cannot pass from the baby’s mouth to stomach
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. various birth defects may present, including central nervous dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face
gastroschisis
congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not the umbilicus. enterocele, protrusion of the intestine, is usually not present
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants. in premies RDS is caused by normal immaturity of the respiratory system resulting in compromised respiration
spina bifida
congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. if the meninges protrude through the opening the condition is called meningocele. protrusion of both the meninges and spinal cord is called meningomyelocele.
amniotomy
incision into the amnion (rupture of the fetal membrane to induce labor; a special hook is generally used to make the incision)
episiotomy
incision into the vulva (perineum) (sometimes performed during a delivery to prevent a traumatic tear of the vulva) (also called perineotomy)
cervical cerclage
suturing the cervix closed to prevent dilation and premature delivery
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
birth of a fetus through an incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
method of fertilizing human ova outside of the body and placing the zygote into the uterus ; used when infertility is present. infertility management techniques that artificially combine both the ova and sperm are called assisted reproductive technology (ART)
amniocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid (its a prenatal test for fetal health/ diagnosing abnormalities)
pelvic sonography
pertaining to the pelvis, process of recording sound (pelvic US used to evaluate the fetus and pregnancy )
nuchal translucency screening
ultrasound test to check the back of the fetal neck for extra fluid or thickening. it is usually performed between 11- 13 wks pregnancy, and when combined with 1st trimester screening blood tests may reveal an increased risk for Down’s or other congenital disorders
quad screen
blood test performed during the 2nd trimester measuring four hormone levels that can reveal an increased risk of certain disorders in the developing fetus (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol and inhibin)
apgar score
system for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 and 5min. after birth. scored on 0-2 scale with 7-10 being normal.
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, response to stimulation, color
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
prenatal test that takes a sample of the area of blood supply in the placenta either through the abdominal wall or the vagina. it is usually performed between 10-13 wks of pregnancy and tests for chromosome and other genetic abnormalities. only used for high risk pregnancies
amniorrhea
discharge (escape) of amniotic fluid
amniorrhexis
rupture of the amnion
lactorrhea
(spontaneous) discharge of milk
antepartum
before childbirth (reference to the mother)
gravida
pregnant (a woman who is or has been pregnant)
gravidopuerperal
pertaining to pregnancy and childbirth (from delivery until repro. organs return to normal)
intrapartum
within (during) labor and childbirth
lactogenic
producing milk (by stimulation)
multigravida
many pregnancies (a woman who has been pregnant 2 or more times)
multipara (multip)
many births (a woman who has given birth to 2 or more viable offspring)
nulligravida
no pregnancies (a woman who has never been pregnant)
nullipara
no births (a woman who has not given birth to a viable offspring)
para
birth (a woman who has given birth to an offspring after the point of viability- 20wks, whether the fetus is alive or stillborn)
postpartum
after childbirth (reference to the mother)
primigravida
first pregnancy
primipara (primip)
first birth (after point of viability- 20wks)
puerperal
pertaining to (immediately after) childbirth
puerpera
childbirth
colostrum
thin milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins
lochia
vaginal discharge after childbirth
quickening
first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman. it usually occurs between 16 and 20wks of gestation
midwife
individual who practices midwifery
midwifery
practice of assisting in childbirth
obstetrician
physician who specializes in obstetrics
obstetrics (OB)
medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
breech presentation
birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first
cephalic presentation
birth position in which any part of the head emerges first. it is the most common birth presentation
in vitro
outside the body or in a lab setting
in vivo
within the living body
lactation
secretion of milk
parturition
act of giving birth
puerperium
period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal (approx. 6wks)
neonatologist
physician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn
neonatology
study of the newborn
teratology
study of malformations
fetal
pertaining to the fetus
natal
pertaining to birth
neonate
new birth (an infant from birth to 4wks)
postnatal
pertaining to after birth (newborn)
prenatal
pertaining to before birth (referring to the newborn)
teratogen
(any agent) producing malformations (in developing embryo)
teratogenic
producing malformations (in the developing embryo)
congenital anomaly
abnormality present at birth; often discovered before birth by sonography or amniocentesis
meconium
first stool of the newborn (greenish- black)
gavage
process of feeding through a tube; used for critically ill newborns and other who are unconscious, unable to swallow, or too weak to eat
premature infant
infant born before completing 37wks of gestation
stillborn
born dead
mature germ cell (male/female)
gamete
beginning of pregnancy when sperm enters egg
conception
cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
zygote
unborn offspring in the stage of development from zygote implantation to end of 8th week of pregnancy.
embryo
unborn offspring from start of 9th week of pregnancy until birth
fetus
development of a new individual from conception to birth
gestation
duration of pregnancy. normally 38-42 weeks. divided into trimesters
gestation period
embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining. The process normally begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days
implantation
structure that grows on wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the fetus (also called afterbirth)
placenta
membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery (amnionic sac; bag of waters)
amniotic sac
outermost layer of the fetal membrane
chorion
innermost layer of the fetal membrane
amnion
fluid within the amniotic sac which surrounds the fetus (amnionic fluid)
amniotic fluid
navel; marks the site of attachment of the umbilical cord to the fetus
umbilicus
amnion, amniotic fluid
amni/o
amnion, amniotic fluid
amnion/o
chorion
chori/o
fetus, unborn offspring
fet/i, fet/o
pregnancy
gravid/o
milk
lact/o
birth
nat/o
umbilicus, navel
omphal/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
par/o
bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth
part/o
childbirth
puerper/o
cancer
carcin/o
head
cephal/o
vulva
episi/o
esophagus
esophag/o
water
hydr/o
uterus
hyster/o
scanty, few
olig/o
pelvis, pelvic cavity
pelv/i
first
prim/i
false
pseud/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
pylor/o
sound
son/o
malformations
terat/o
trachea
trache/o
before
ante-
difficult, labored, abnormal, painful
dys-
within
intra-
small
micro-
many
multi-
new
neo-
none
nulli-
many, much
poly-
after
post-
before
pre-
noun suffix; no meaning
-a
pertaining to
-al
amnion, amniotic fluid
-amnios
hernia, protrusion
-cele
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-centesis
pregnancy
-cyesis
no meaning, noun suffix
-e
substance or agent that produces or causes
-gen
producing, originating, causing
-genic
process of recording, radiographic imaging
-graphy
pertaining to
-ic
noun suffix, no meaning
-is
inflammation
-itis
one who studies and treats
-logist
study of
-logy
tumor, swelling
-oma
flow, discharge
-rrhea
rupture
-rrhexis
constriction or narrowing
-stenosis
birth, labor
-tocia
cut into, incision
-tomy
noun suffix, no meaning
-um
noun suffix, no meaning
-us
inflammation of the amnion
amnionitis
inflammation of the chorion and amnion
chorioamnionitis
cancerous tumor of the chorion
choriocarcinoma
difficult labor (can be due to ineffective contractions, abnormal pelvic shape, abnormal birth presentation)
dystocia
rupture of the uterus
hysterorrhexis
scanty amnion water- 500mL or less (less than the normal amount)
oligohydramnios
much amnion water- 2000mL or more (more than the normal amount; also called hydramnios)
polyhydramnios
false pregnancy (may be psychological or due to underlying pathology like a uterine tumor)
pseudocyesis
termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before viability, typically before 20wks gestation. spontaneous abortion is the termination of pregnancy that happens naturally (miscarriage)
abortion (AB)
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
abruptio placentae
severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion. has the potential to be life threatening
eclampsia
pregnancy occuring outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tubes
ectopic pregnancy
abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix. dilation of the cervix can cause separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, causing bleeding. a C- section is needed to save the mom and baby
placenta previa
abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high BP and proteinuria, but no convulsion. Cause unknown. if not treated, can progress to eclampsia.
preeclampsia
(fetus w/ a very) small head
microcephalus
inflammation of the umbilicus
omphalitis
hernia at the umbilicus (a part of the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall at birth)
omphalocele
narrowing pertaining to the pyloric sphincter (congenital pyloric stenosis happens in 1 out of 200 newborns)
pyloric stenosis
abnormal passageway pertaining to the trachea and esophagus
tracheoesophageal fistula
congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present (cleft indicates a fissure)
cleft lip/ cleft palate
congenital stenosis (narrowing) that occurs in the arch of the aorta
coarctation of the aorta
herpes type virus that crosses the placenta. symptoms in newborns may include jaundice, microcephaly, developmental delay and hearing loss; some infants may have no symptoms
congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
heart abnormality present at birth
congenital heart disease
genetic condition caused by chromosomal abnormality which leads to varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disorders. trisomy 21
down syndrome
condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis erythrocytes. the condition is usually caused by incompatibility of the infant’s and mother’s blood. happens when mom’s blood is Rh- and infant is Rh+.
erythroblastosis fetalis
congenital absence of part of the esophagus. food cannot pass from the baby’s mouth to stomach
esophageal atresia
condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. various birth defects may present, including central nervous dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not the umbilicus. enterocele, protrusion of the intestine, is usually not present
gastroschisis
respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants. in premies RDS is caused by normal immaturity of the respiratory system resulting in compromised respiration
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. if the meninges protrude through the opening the condition is called meningocele. protrusion of both the meninges and spinal cord is called meningomyelocele.
spina bifida
incision into the amnion (rupture of the fetal membrane to induce labor; a special hook is generally used to make the incision)
amniotomy
incision into the vulva (perineum) (sometimes performed during a delivery to prevent a traumatic tear of the vulva) (also called perineotomy)
episiotomy
suturing the cervix closed to prevent dilation and premature delivery
cervical cerclage
birth of a fetus through an incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
method of fertilizing human ova outside of the body and placing the zygote into the uterus ; used when infertility is present. infertility management techniques that artificially combine both the ova and sperm are called assisted reproductive technology (ART)
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid (its a prenatal test for fetal health/ diagnosing abnormalities)
amniocentesis
pertaining to the pelvis, process of recording sound (pelvic US used to evaluate the fetus and pregnancy )
pelvic sonography
ultrasound test to check the back of the fetal neck for extra fluid or thickening. it is usually performed between 11- 13 wks pregnancy, and when combined with 1st trimester screening blood tests may reveal an increased risk for Down’s or other congenital disorders
nuchal translucency screening
blood test performed during the 2nd trimester measuring four hormone levels that can reveal an increased risk of certain disorders in the developing fetus (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol and inhibin)
quad screen
system for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 and 5min. after birth. scored on 0-2 scale with 7-10 being normal.
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, response to stimulation, color
apgar score
prenatal test that takes a sample of the area of blood supply in the placenta either through the abdominal wall or the vagina. it is usually performed between 10-13 wks of pregnancy and tests for chromosome and other genetic abnormalities. only used for high risk pregnancies
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
discharge (escape) of amniotic fluid
amniorrhea
rupture of the amnion
amniorrhexis
(spontaneous) discharge of milk
lactorrhea
before childbirth (reference to the mother)
antepartum
pregnant (a woman who is or has been pregnant)
gravida
pertaining to pregnancy and childbirth (from delivery until repro. organs return to normal)
gravidopuerperal
within (during) labor and childbirth
intrapartum
producing milk (by stimulation)
lactogenic
many pregnancies (a woman who has been pregnant 2 or more times)
multigravida
many births (a woman who has given birth to 2 or more viable offspring)
multipara (multip)
no pregnancies (a woman who has never been pregnant)
nulligravida
no births (a woman who has not given birth to a viable offspring)
nullipara
birth (a woman who has given birth to an offspring after the point of viability- 20wks, whether the fetus is alive or stillborn)
para
after childbirth (reference to the mother)
postpartum
first pregnancy
primigravida
first birth (after point of viability- 20wks)
primipara (primip)
pertaining to (immediately after) childbirth
puerperal
childbirth
puerpera
thin milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins
colostrum
vaginal discharge after childbirth
lochia
first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman. it usually occurs between 16 and 20wks of gestation
quickening
individual who practices midwifery
midwife
practice of assisting in childbirth
midwifery
physician who specializes in obstetrics
obstetrician
medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
obstetrics (OB)
birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first
breech presentation
birth position in which any part of the head emerges first. it is the most common birth presentation
cephalic presentation
outside the body or in a lab setting
in vitro
within the living body
in vivo
secretion of milk
lactation
act of giving birth
parturition
period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal (approx. 6wks)
puerperium
physician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn
neonatologist
study of the newborn
neonatology
study of malformations
teratology
pertaining to the fetus
fetal
pertaining to birth
natal
new birth (an infant from birth to 4wks)
neonate
pertaining to after birth (newborn)
postnatal
pertaining to before birth (referring to the newborn)
prenatal
(any agent) producing malformations (in developing embryo)
teratogen
producing malformations (in the developing embryo)
teratogenic
abnormality present at birth; often discovered before birth by sonography or amniocentesis
congenital anomaly
first stool of the newborn (greenish- black)
meconium
process of feeding through a tube; used for critically ill newborns and other who are unconscious, unable to swallow, or too weak to eat
gavage
infant born before completing 37wks of gestation
premature infant
born dead
stillborn
