Chapter 11: Digestive System Flashcards
mouth
opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small pieces by mastication and mixing with saliva
tongue
consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. it provides movement of food for mastication. directs food to the pharynx for swallowing and is a major organ for taste and speech
palate
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
soft palate
posterior portion not supported by bone
hard palate
anterior portion supported by bone
uvula
soft V- shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
pharynx
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
esophagus
10inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. peristalsis- involuntary wave like contractions the move food through the GI tract
stomach
J- shaped sac that mixes and stores food. it secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones that act locally to control digestive system functions
cardia
area around the opening of the stomach
fundus
proximal domed portion of the stomach
body
central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus
antrum
distal portion of the stomach
pylorus
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
small intestine
20ft tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion is completed in the small intestine. absorption, the passage of the nutrients from small intestine to bloodstream (happens in the villi of small intestines)
duodenum
first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
jejunum
second portion of the small intestine, about 8ft long
ileum
3rd portion of the small intestine, approx. 11ft long which connects with the large intestine
large intestine
approx. 5ft long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the large intestine
cecum
U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
colon
main portion of the large intestine. the colon is divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
rectum
distal portion of the large intestine, approx. 8-10in. long extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
anus
sphincter muscle at the end of the gastrointestinal tract. provides for elimination of solid waste products of digestion
salivary glands
produce saliva which flows into the mouth
liver
produce bile which is necessary for digestion of fats. the liver performs many other function concerned with digestion and metabolism
billary duct
organs and ducts that transport, store, release bile
bile ducts
passageways that carry bile. the hepatic duct collects bile formed in the liver. the cystic duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder for storage
common bile duct
small tubelike structures where the hepatic duct and cystic duct join; conveys bile to the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of fats
gallbladder
small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice which helps digest all types of food; secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
peritoneum
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
appendix
small pouch, which has no known function in digestion attached to the cecum (also called vermiform appendix)
abdomen
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
an/o
anus
antr/o
antrum
cec/o
cecum
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestines (usually small insten.)
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
or/o
mouth
proct/o
rectum
rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
stomat/o
mouth
abdomin/o
abdomen, abdominal cavity
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
celi/o
abdomen, abdominal cavity
cheil/o
lips
cholangi/o
bile ducts
chol/e
gall, bile
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cyst/o
bladder, sac
diverticul/o
diverticulum (pouch extending from a hollow organ)
gingiv/o
gum(s)
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
herni/o
hernia
lapar/o
abdominal, abdominal cavity
lith/o
stones, calculus
lingu/o
tongue
nas/o
nose
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
pharynx
polyp/o
polyp, small growth
pylor/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
sial/o
saliva, salivary glands
steat/o
fat
uvul/o
uvula
a-
absence of, without
dys-
difficult, labored
hemi-
half
-ac
pertaining to
-al
pertaining to
-cele
hernia, protrusion
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-gram
the record, radiographic image
-graphy
process of recording
-iasis
condition
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stones
-logist
one who studies and treats
-logy
study of
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal condition
-pathy
disease
-pepsia
digestion
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
creation of artificial opening
-tomy
cut into, incision
-y
noun suffix, no meaning
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
cholangioma
tumour of the bile duct
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
choledocholithiasis
condition of stones in the common bile duct
cholelithiasis
condition of gallstones
colitis
inflammation of the colon
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum
diverticulosis
abnormal condition of having diverticula
dysentery
painful intestines
enteritis
inflammation of the intestines
enteropathy
disease of the intestines
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
polyposis
abnormal condition of multiple polys in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum
rectocele
hernia of the rectum
sialolith
stone in the salivary gland
steatohepatitis
inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat; caused by alcohol abuse, obesity. can lead to cirrhosis over time
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
uvulitis
inflammation of the uvula
adhesion
abnormal growing together of 2 peritoneal surfaces that normally are seperated. may occur after abdominal surgery
celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten which can damage the small intestine which is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. symptoms: abdominal bloating/ pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, etc
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly cause: alcoholism, some types of viral hepatitis
crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulceration and formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
hemochromatosis
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from the food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
hemorrhoids
swollen or detached veins in the rectum or anus which are called internal or external and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
ileus
nonmechanical obstruction of the intestine caused by lack of effective peristalsis
intussusception
prolapse of one part of the intestine inside the part next to it. it is most common in infants. symptoms include intestinal blockage, abdominal pain, lump that you can feel from the outside
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbances of bowel function like diarrhea and/ or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
obesity
excess of body fat which increases body weight; a condition in which body mass index is greater than 30kg/m2
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications like NSAIDS
polyp
tumorlike growth extending from a mucous membrane; usually benign. common sites are nose, throat, intestines
ulcerative colitis (UC)
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea. a proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy may become necessary if the patient doesnt respond to medical therapy
volvulus
twisting or kinking of the intestine causing intestinal obstruction
abdominocentesis
procedure to aspirate fluid from abdominal cavity
abdominoplasty
surgical repair of the abdomen
anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
antrectomy
excision of the antrum
appendectomy
excision of the appendix
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lips
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
colectomy
excision of the colon
colostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the colon
diverticulectomy
excision of a diverticulum
enterorrhaphy
suturing of the small intestine
esophagogastroplasty
surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach
gastrojejunostomy
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
gastroplasty
surgical repair of the stomach
gastrostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the stomach
gingivectomy
surgical removal of gum (tissue)
glossorrhaphy
suturing of the tongue
hemicolectomy
excision of half of the colon
herniorrhaphy
suturing of a hernia (for repair)
ileostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall; used for passage of stool)
laparotomy
incision into the abdominal cavity
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
pancreatectomy
excision of the pancreas
polypectomy
excision of a polyp
pyloroplasty
surgical repair of the pylorus
uvulectomy
excision of the uvula
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (to correct sleep apnea)
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches, performed to treat colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
anastomosis
connection created by surgically joining 2 structures like blood vessels or bowel segments
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity,
hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
vagotomy
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
cholangiogram
radiographic image of the bile ducts
cholangiography
radiographic imaging of the bile ducts
CT colonography
radiographic imaging of the colon
esophagogram
radiographic image of the esophagus
capsule endoscopy
(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); also called camera endoscopy
colonoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the colon
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
esophagoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus
gastroscope
instrument used for visual examination
gastroscopy
visual examination of the stomach
laparoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
proctoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
abdominal sonography
ultrasound scanning of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs like the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized
barium enema (BE)
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure using an endoscope to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts, introduce contrast agents and record the xray images; used to evaluate obstructions and disease of liver and pancreas
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and gastric linings as well as walls of the small and large intestines; used to detects tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors
upper GI series
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
examination of a stool sample to detect blood not directly visible. occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope. test that screens for colon cancer or polyps
