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Medical terminology > Chapter 10: Cardio > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cardio Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

heart

A

muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants

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2
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction

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3
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta

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4
Q

pericardium

A

2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement

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5
Q

epicardium

A

outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium

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6
Q

myocardium

A

middle, thick muscular layer of the heart

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7
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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8
Q

blood vessels

A

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

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9
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.

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10
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries

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11
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

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12
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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13
Q

venules

A

smallest veins

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14
Q

venae cavae

A

largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body

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15
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls

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16
Q

blood

A

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)

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17
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume

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18
Q

serum

A

clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

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19
Q

cells (formed elements)

A

production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones

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20
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that carry O2

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21
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes

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22
Q

thrombocytes

A

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)

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23
Q

lymph

A

transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart

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24
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.

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25
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.

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26
Q

spleen

A

located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.

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27
Q

thymus gland

A

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue

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28
Q

angi/o

A

vessels; blood vessel

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29
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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30
Q

arteri/o

A

artery, arteries

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31
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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32
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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33
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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34
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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35
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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36
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymph tissue

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37
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

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38
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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39
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish, fatty plaque

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40
Q

ech/o

A

sound

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41
Q

electr/o

A

electricity, electrical activity

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42
Q

embol/o

A

plug

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43
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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44
Q

brady-

A

slow

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45
Q

endo-

A

within

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46
Q

intra-

A

within

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47
Q

pan-

A

all, total

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48
Q

-apheresis

A

removal

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49
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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50
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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51
Q

phleb/o

A

vein(s)

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52
Q

plasm/o

A

plasma

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53
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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54
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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55
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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56
Q

ven/o

A

vein(s)

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57
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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58
Q

immun/o

A

immune system

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59
Q

isch/o

A

deficiency, blockage

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60
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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61
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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62
Q

peri-

A

surrounding (outer)

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63
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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64
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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65
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

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66
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

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67
Q

-emia

A

in the blood

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68
Q

-genic

A

producing, causing, originating

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69
Q

-gram

A

the record, radiographic image

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70
Q

-graphy

A

the recording, radiographic imaging

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71
Q

-ia

A

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

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72
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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73
Q

-ism

A

state of

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74
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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75
Q

-logist

A

one who studies and treats

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76
Q

-logy

A

study of

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77
Q

-lysis

A

loosening, dissolution, seperating

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78
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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79
Q

-oma

A

tumor, swelling

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80
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)

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81
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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82
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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83
Q

-penia

A

abnormal reduction in number

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84
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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85
Q

-rrhage

A

excessive flow

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86
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suturing, repairing

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87
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

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88
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

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89
Q

-stasis

A

control, stop, standing

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90
Q

-stenosis

A

constriction or narrowing

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91
Q

-us

A

noun suffix, no meaning

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92
Q

angioma

A

tumor composed of blood vessels

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93
Q

angiostenosis

A

narrowing of a blood vessel

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94
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)

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95
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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96
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)

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97
Q

bradycardia

A

condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)

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98
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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99
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle

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100
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)

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101
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

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102
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

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103
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

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104
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

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105
Q

polyarteritis

A

inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries

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106
Q

tachycardia

A

condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)

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107
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

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108
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a valve (of the heart)

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109
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a blood vessel

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110
Q

atherectomy

A

excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)

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111
Q

embolectomy

A

excision of a plug

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112
Q

endarterectomy

A

excision within the artery

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113
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart

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114
Q

phlebectomy

A

excision of a vein

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115
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

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116
Q

angiography

A

radiographic imaging of blood vessels

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117
Q

angioscopy

A

visual examination of a blood vessel

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118
Q

aortogram

A

radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)

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119
Q

arteriogram

A

radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)

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120
Q

venogram

A

radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)

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121
Q

echocardiogram (ECHO)

A

record of the heart using sound

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122
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

A

record of the electrical activity of the heart

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123
Q

electrocardiography

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

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124
Q

cardiologist

A

physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart

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125
Q

cardiology

A

study of the heart

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126
Q

atrioventricular (AV)

A

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

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127
Q

cardiogenic

A

originating in the heart

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128
Q

intravenous (IV)

A

pertaining to within the vein

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129
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage

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130
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

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131
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

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132
Q

arrhythmia

A

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

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133
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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134
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

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135
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.

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136
Q

cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

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137
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism

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138
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia

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139
Q

heart failure

A

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients

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140
Q

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

A

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart

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141
Q

intermittent claudication

A

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease

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142
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever

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143
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply

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144
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication

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145
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

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146
Q

varicose veins

A

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

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147
Q

artificial cardiac pacemaker

A

battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node

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148
Q

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

A

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm

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149
Q

catheter ablation

A

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

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150
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

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151
Q

coronary stent

A

supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

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152
Q

femoropopliteal bypass

A

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

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153
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely

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154
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction

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155
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

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156
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities

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157
Q

sestamibi test

A

nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called “cold spots”

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158
Q

single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain

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159
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures

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160
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease

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161
Q

exercise stress test

A

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising

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162
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.

163
Q

pulse

A

contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well

164
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

device used for measuring blood pressure

165
Q

C- reactive protein (CRP)

A

blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

166
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

A

blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.

167
Q

lipid profile

A

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication

168
Q

troponin

A

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.

169
Q

bruit

A

sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.

170
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

171
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

172
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

blood pressure that is above normal

173
Q

hypertriglyceridemia

A

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

174
Q

hypotension

A

blood pressure that is below normal

175
Q

murmur

A

unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be “innocent” or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve

176
Q

occlusion

A

closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ

177
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

178
Q

defibrillation

A

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

179
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels

180
Q

vasodilator

A

agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels

181
Q

embolism

A

state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)

182
Q

embolus

A

plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)

183
Q

erythrocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)

184
Q

hematoma

A

tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)

185
Q

hemorrhage

A

excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)

186
Q

leukocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)

187
Q

multiple myeloma

A

tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)

188
Q

pancytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of all blood cells

189
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)

190
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition of a blood clot

191
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)

192
Q

hemolysis

A

dissolution of RBC

193
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increase in the number of lymphocytes

194
Q

hematologist

A

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

195
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

196
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)

197
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)

198
Q

thrombolysis

A

dissolution of a blood clot

199
Q

anemia

A

condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction

200
Q

bleeding disorder

A

disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies

201
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

202
Q

leukemia

A

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow

203
Q

muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants

A

heart

204
Q

consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction

A

atrioventricular valves

205
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta

A

semilunar valves

206
Q

2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement

A

pericardium

207
Q

outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium

A

epicardium

208
Q

middle, thick muscular layer of the heart

A

myocardium

209
Q

inner lining of the heart

A

endocardium

210
Q

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

A

blood vessels

211
Q

blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.

A

arteries

212
Q

smallest arteries

A

arterioles

213
Q

largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

A

aorta

214
Q

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

veins

215
Q

smallest veins

A

venules

216
Q

largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body

A

venae cavae

217
Q

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls

A

capillaries

218
Q

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)

A

blood

219
Q

clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume

A

plasma

220
Q

clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

A

serum

221
Q

production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones

A

cells (formed elements)

222
Q

red blood cells that carry O2

A

erythrocytes

223
Q

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes

A

leukocytes

224
Q

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)

A

thrombocytes

225
Q

transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart

A

lymph

226
Q

transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.

A

lymphatic vessels

227
Q

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.

A

lymph nodes

228
Q

located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.

A

spleen

229
Q

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue

A

thymus gland

230
Q

vessels; blood vessel

A

angi/o

231
Q

aorta

A

aort/o

232
Q

artery, arteries

A

arteri/o

233
Q

atrium

A

atri/o

234
Q

heart

A

cardi/o

235
Q

cell

A

cyt/o

236
Q

blood

A

hem/o

237
Q

blood

A

hemat/o

238
Q

lymph, lymph tissue

A

lymph/o

239
Q

lymph node

A

lymphaden/o

240
Q

muscle

A

my/o

241
Q

yellowish, fatty plaque

A

ather/o

242
Q

sound

A

ech/o

243
Q

electricity, electrical activity

A

electr/o

244
Q

plug

A

embol/o

245
Q

red

A

erythr/o

246
Q

slow

A

brady-

247
Q

within

A

endo-

248
Q

within

A

intra-

249
Q

all, total

A

pan-

250
Q

removal

A

-apheresis

251
Q

pertaining to

A

-ar

252
Q

bone marrow

A

myel/o

253
Q

vein(s)

A

phleb/o

254
Q

plasma

A

plasm/o

255
Q

spleen

A

splen/o

256
Q

thymus gland

A

thym/o

257
Q

valve

A

valvul/o

258
Q

vein(s)

A

ven/o

259
Q

ventricle

A

ventricul/o

260
Q

immune system

A

immun/o

261
Q

deficiency, blockage

A

isch/o

262
Q

white

A

leuk/o

263
Q

blood clot

A

thromb/o

264
Q

surrounding (outer)

A

peri-

265
Q

many, much

A

poly-

266
Q

fast, rapid

A

tachy-

267
Q

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

A

-centesis

268
Q

excision, surgical removal

A

-ectomy

269
Q

in the blood

A

-emia

270
Q

producing, causing, originating

A

-genic

271
Q

the record, radiographic image

A

-gram

272
Q

the recording, radiographic imaging

A

-graphy

273
Q

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

A

-ia

274
Q

pertaining to

A

-ic

275
Q

state of

A

-ism

276
Q

inflammation

A

-itis

277
Q

one who studies and treats

A

-logist

278
Q

study of

A

-logy

279
Q

loosening, dissolution, seperating

A

-lysis

280
Q

enlargement

A

-megaly

281
Q

tumor, swelling

A

-oma

282
Q

abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)

A

-osis

283
Q

pertaining to

A

-ous

284
Q

disease

A

-pathy

285
Q

abnormal reduction in number

A

-penia

286
Q

surgical repair

A

-plasty

287
Q

excessive flow

A

-rrhage

288
Q

suturing, repairing

A

-rrhaphy

289
Q

hardening

A

-sclerosis

290
Q

visual examination

A

-scopy

291
Q

control, stop, standing

A

-stasis

292
Q

constriction or narrowing

A

-stenosis

293
Q

noun suffix, no meaning

A

-us

294
Q

tumor composed of blood vessels

A

angioma

295
Q

narrowing of a blood vessel

A

angiostenosis

296
Q

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)

A

aortic stenosis

297
Q

hardening of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

298
Q

hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)

A

atherosclerosis

299
Q

condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)

A

bradycardia

300
Q

enlargement of the heart

A

cardiomegaly

301
Q

disease of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

302
Q

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)

A

endocarditis

303
Q

deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

A

ischemia

304
Q

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

A

myocarditis

305
Q

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

A

pericarditis

306
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

307
Q

inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries

A

polyarteritis

308
Q

condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)

A

tachycardia

309
Q

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

A

thrombophlebitis

310
Q

inflammation of a valve (of the heart)

A

valvulitis

311
Q

surgical repair of a blood vessel

A

angioplasty

312
Q

excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)

A

atherectomy

313
Q

excision of a plug

A

embolectomy

314
Q

excision within the artery

A

endarterectomy

315
Q

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart

A

pericardiocentesis

316
Q

excision of a vein

A

phlebectomy

317
Q

surgical repair of a valve

A

valvuloplasty

318
Q

radiographic imaging of blood vessels

A

angiography

319
Q

visual examination of a blood vessel

A

angioscopy

320
Q

radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)

A

aortogram

321
Q

radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)

A

arteriogram

322
Q

radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)

A

venogram

323
Q

record of the heart using sound

A

echocardiogram (ECHO)

324
Q

record of the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

325
Q

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiography

326
Q

physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart

A

cardiologist

327
Q

study of the heart

A

cardiology

328
Q

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV)

329
Q

originating in the heart

A

cardiogenic

330
Q

pertaining to within the vein

A

intravenous (IV)

331
Q

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage

A

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

332
Q

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

A

aneurysm

333
Q

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

A

angina pectoris

334
Q

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

A

arrhythmia

335
Q

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

cardiac arrest

336
Q

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

A

cardiac tamponade

337
Q

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

338
Q

enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

A

cor pulmonale

339
Q

condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

340
Q

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia

A

fibrillation

341
Q

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients

A

heart failure

342
Q

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart

A

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

343
Q

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease

A

intermittent claudication

344
Q

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever

A

mitral valve stenosis

345
Q

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

346
Q

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication

A

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

347
Q

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

348
Q

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

A

varicose veins

349
Q

battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node

A

artificial cardiac pacemaker

350
Q

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm

A

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

351
Q

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

A

catheter ablation

352
Q

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

353
Q

supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

A

coronary stent

354
Q

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

A

femoropopliteal bypass

355
Q

procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

356
Q

injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction

A

thrombolytic therapy

357
Q

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

A

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

358
Q

study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities

A

doppler ultrasound

359
Q

nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called “cold spots”

A

sestamibi test

360
Q

nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain

A

single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

361
Q

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures

A

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

362
Q

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease

A

cardiac catheterization

363
Q

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising

A

exercise stress test

364
Q

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.

A

blood pressure (BP)

365
Q

contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well

A

pulse

366
Q

device used for measuring blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

367
Q

blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A

C- reactive protein (CRP)

368
Q

blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.

A

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

369
Q

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication

A

lipid profile

370
Q

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.

A

troponin

371
Q

sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.

A

bruit

372
Q

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hypercholesterolemia

373
Q

excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hyperlipidemia

374
Q

blood pressure that is above normal

A

hypertension (HTN)

375
Q

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hypertriglyceridemia

376
Q

blood pressure that is below normal

A

hypotension

377
Q

unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be “innocent” or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve

A

murmur

378
Q

closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ

A

occlusion

379
Q

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

380
Q

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

A

defibrillation

381
Q

agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels

A

vasoconstrictor

382
Q

agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels

A

vasodilator

383
Q

state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)

A

embolism

384
Q

plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)

A

embolus

385
Q

abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)

A

erythrocytopenia

386
Q

tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)

A

hematoma

387
Q

excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)

A

hemorrhage

388
Q

abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)

A

leukocytopenia

389
Q

tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)

A

multiple myeloma

390
Q

abnormal reduction of all blood cells

A

pancytopenia

391
Q

abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)

A

thrombocytopenia

392
Q

abnormal condition of a blood clot

A

thrombosis

393
Q

blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)

A

thrombus

394
Q

dissolution of RBC

A

hemolysis

395
Q

increase in the number of lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis

396
Q

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

A

hematologist

397
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

398
Q

removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)

A

plasmapheresis

399
Q

incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)

A

phlebotomy

400
Q

dissolution of a blood clot

A

thrombolysis

401
Q

condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction

A

anemia

402
Q

disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies

A

bleeding disorder

403
Q

inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

A

hemophilia

404
Q

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow

A

leukemia

Medical terminology (12 decks)

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