Chapter 10: Cardio Flashcards
heart
muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants
atrioventricular valves
consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction
semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta
pericardium
2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement
epicardium
outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium
myocardium
middle, thick muscular layer of the heart
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
blood vessels
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
arteries
blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.
arterioles
smallest arteries
aorta
largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen
veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
venules
smallest veins
venae cavae
largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
capillaries
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls
blood
fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)
plasma
clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume
serum
clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
cells (formed elements)
production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones
erythrocytes
red blood cells that carry O2
leukocytes
white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes
thrombocytes
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)
lymph
transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart
lymphatic vessels
transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.
lymph nodes
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.
spleen
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.
thymus gland
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue
angi/o
vessels; blood vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery, arteries
atri/o
atrium
cardi/o
heart
cyt/o
cell
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
lymph/o
lymph, lymph tissue
lymphaden/o
lymph node
my/o
muscle
ather/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
ech/o
sound
electr/o
electricity, electrical activity
embol/o
plug
erythr/o
red
brady-
slow
endo-
within
intra-
within
pan-
all, total
-apheresis
removal
-ar
pertaining to
myel/o
bone marrow
phleb/o
vein(s)
plasm/o
plasma
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
valvul/o
valve
ven/o
vein(s)
ventricul/o
ventricle
immun/o
immune system
isch/o
deficiency, blockage
leuk/o
white
thromb/o
blood clot
peri-
surrounding (outer)
poly-
many, much
tachy-
fast, rapid
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-emia
in the blood
-genic
producing, causing, originating
-gram
the record, radiographic image
-graphy
the recording, radiographic imaging
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
-ic
pertaining to
-ism
state of
-itis
inflammation
-logist
one who studies and treats
-logy
study of
-lysis
loosening, dissolution, seperating
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
tumor, swelling
-osis
abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)
-ous
pertaining to
-pathy
disease
-penia
abnormal reduction in number
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhage
excessive flow
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
-sclerosis
hardening
-scopy
visual examination
-stasis
control, stop, standing
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
-us
noun suffix, no meaning
angioma
tumor composed of blood vessels
angiostenosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
aortic stenosis
narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis
hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
bradycardia
condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)
ischemia
deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
polyarteritis
inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
tachycardia
condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve (of the heart)
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel
atherectomy
excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)
embolectomy
excision of a plug
endarterectomy
excision within the artery
pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
phlebectomy
excision of a vein
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a valve
angiography
radiographic imaging of blood vessels
angioscopy
visual examination of a blood vessel
aortogram
radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)
arteriogram
radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)
venogram
radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
echocardiogram (ECHO)
record of the heart using sound
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
record of the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiography
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
cardiologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
cardiology
study of the heart
atrioventricular (AV)
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
cardiogenic
originating in the heart
intravenous (IV)
pertaining to within the vein
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
arrhythmia
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
coronary artery disease (CAD)
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism
fibrillation
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia
heart failure
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
intermittent claudication
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever
myocardial infarction (MI)
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication
rheumatic heart disease
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
varicose veins
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
catheter ablation
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
coronary stent
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
femoropopliteal bypass
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely
thrombolytic therapy
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied
doppler ultrasound
study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called “cold spots”
single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
exercise stress test
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising
blood pressure (BP)
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.
pulse
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well
sphygmomanometer
device used for measuring blood pressure
C- reactive protein (CRP)
blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.
lipid profile
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication
troponin
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.
bruit
sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.
hypercholesterolemia
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hyperlipidemia
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is above normal
hypertriglyceridemia
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
murmur
unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be “innocent” or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve
occlusion
closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
vasoconstrictor
agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
vasodilator
agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
embolism
state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)
embolus
plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)
erythrocytopenia
abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)
hematoma
tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)
hemorrhage
excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)
leukocytopenia
abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)
multiple myeloma
tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)
pancytopenia
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
thrombocytopenia
abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)
thrombosis
abnormal condition of a blood clot
thrombus
blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
hemolysis
dissolution of RBC
lymphocytosis
increase in the number of lymphocytes
hematologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
phlebotomy
incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)
thrombolysis
dissolution of a blood clot
anemia
condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction
bleeding disorder
disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies
hemophilia
inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
leukemia
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow
muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants
heart
consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction
atrioventricular valves
pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta
semilunar valves
2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement
pericardium
outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium
epicardium
middle, thick muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
inner lining of the heart
endocardium
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
blood vessels
blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.
arteries
smallest arteries
arterioles
largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen
aorta
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
veins
smallest veins
venules
largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
venae cavae
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls
capillaries
fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)
blood
clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume
plasma
clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
serum
production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones
cells (formed elements)
red blood cells that carry O2
erythrocytes
white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes
leukocytes
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)
thrombocytes
transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart
lymph
transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.
lymphatic vessels
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.
lymph nodes
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.
spleen
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue
thymus gland
vessels; blood vessel
angi/o
aorta
aort/o
artery, arteries
arteri/o
atrium
atri/o
heart
cardi/o
cell
cyt/o
blood
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
lymph, lymph tissue
lymph/o
lymph node
lymphaden/o
muscle
my/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
ather/o
sound
ech/o
electricity, electrical activity
electr/o
plug
embol/o
red
erythr/o
slow
brady-
within
endo-
within
intra-
all, total
pan-
removal
-apheresis
pertaining to
-ar
bone marrow
myel/o
vein(s)
phleb/o
plasma
plasm/o
spleen
splen/o
thymus gland
thym/o
valve
valvul/o
vein(s)
ven/o
ventricle
ventricul/o
immune system
immun/o
deficiency, blockage
isch/o
white
leuk/o
blood clot
thromb/o
surrounding (outer)
peri-
many, much
poly-
fast, rapid
tachy-
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-centesis
excision, surgical removal
-ectomy
in the blood
-emia
producing, causing, originating
-genic
the record, radiographic image
-gram
the recording, radiographic imaging
-graphy
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
-ia
pertaining to
-ic
state of
-ism
inflammation
-itis
one who studies and treats
-logist
study of
-logy
loosening, dissolution, seperating
-lysis
enlargement
-megaly
tumor, swelling
-oma
abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)
-osis
pertaining to
-ous
disease
-pathy
abnormal reduction in number
-penia
surgical repair
-plasty
excessive flow
-rrhage
suturing, repairing
-rrhaphy
hardening
-sclerosis
visual examination
-scopy
control, stop, standing
-stasis
constriction or narrowing
-stenosis
noun suffix, no meaning
-us
tumor composed of blood vessels
angioma
narrowing of a blood vessel
angiostenosis
narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)
aortic stenosis
hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
atherosclerosis
condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)
bradycardia
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
disease of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)
endocarditis
deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
ischemia
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
myocarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
pericarditis
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
polyarteritis
condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)
tachycardia
inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a valve (of the heart)
valvulitis
surgical repair of a blood vessel
angioplasty
excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)
atherectomy
excision of a plug
embolectomy
excision within the artery
endarterectomy
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
pericardiocentesis
excision of a vein
phlebectomy
surgical repair of a valve
valvuloplasty
radiographic imaging of blood vessels
angiography
visual examination of a blood vessel
angioscopy
radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)
aortogram
radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)
arteriogram
radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
venogram
record of the heart using sound
echocardiogram (ECHO)
record of the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiography
physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
cardiologist
study of the heart
cardiology
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular (AV)
originating in the heart
cardiogenic
pertaining to within the vein
intravenous (IV)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
aneurysm
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
angina pectoris
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern
arrhythmia
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
cardiac arrest
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
cardiac tamponade
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.
coronary artery disease (CAD)
enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
cor pulmonale
condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia
fibrillation
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients
heart failure
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
intermittent claudication
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever
mitral valve stenosis
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply
myocardial infarction (MI)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
varicose veins
battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node
artificial cardiac pacemaker
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
catheter ablation
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
coronary stent
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
femoropopliteal bypass
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction
thrombolytic therapy
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities
doppler ultrasound
nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called “cold spots”
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain
single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
cardiac catheterization
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising
exercise stress test
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.
blood pressure (BP)
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well
pulse
device used for measuring blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C- reactive protein (CRP)
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication
lipid profile
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.
troponin
sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.
bruit
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypercholesterolemia
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hyperlipidemia
blood pressure that is above normal
hypertension (HTN)
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypertriglyceridemia
blood pressure that is below normal
hypotension
unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be “innocent” or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve
murmur
closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ
occlusion
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
defibrillation
agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
vasoconstrictor
agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
vasodilator
state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)
embolism
plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)
embolus
abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)
erythrocytopenia
tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)
hematoma
excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)
hemorrhage
abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)
leukocytopenia
tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)
multiple myeloma
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
pancytopenia
abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)
thrombocytopenia
abnormal condition of a blood clot
thrombosis
blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
thrombus
dissolution of RBC
hemolysis
increase in the number of lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
hematologist
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
plasmapheresis
incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)
phlebotomy
dissolution of a blood clot
thrombolysis
condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction
anemia
disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies
bleeding disorder
inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
hemophilia
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow
leukemia
