Chapter 8: female reproductive system Flashcards
ovaries
almond shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity; form and store egg cells (ova) and make estrogen and progesterone. ovulation = release of egg from ovaries
ovum
female egg cell
graafian follicles
100,000 microscopic sacs that make up a large portion of the ovaries. Each follicle contains an immature ovum. normally one graafian follicle develops to maturity monthly between puberty and menopause. it moves to the surface of the ovary and releases the ovum, which passes into the fallopian tube.
fallopian tubes
pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
fimbria
finger like projection at the free end of the fallopian tube
uterus
pear sized and shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarges and extends into the abdominal cavity. functions: menstruation, pregnancy, labor
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
myometrium
muscular middle layer of the uterus
perimetrium
outer protective layer of the uterus that secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction
corpus
large central portion of the uterus (also called uterine body)
fundus
rounded upper portion of the uterus
cervix
narrow lower portion of the uterus
vagina
passageway between uterus and outside of the body
hymen
fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina
vulva
external genitals of the female, including mons pubis, labia majora/ minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, and vaginal opening
perineum
pelvic floor in both male and females. in females it refers to the area between the vaginal opening and the opening
bartholin glands
pair of mucus producing glands located on each side of the vagina just above the vaiginal opening. also called greater vestibular glands
breasts
milk producing glands. each breast has 15 to 20 divisions or lobules (mammary glands)
mammary papilla
breast nipple
areola
pigmented area around the breast nipple
cervic/o
cervix
colp/o
vagina
endometri/o
endometrium
episi/o
vulva
gynec/o
woman, female repro. organs
hymen/o
hymen
hyster/o
uterus
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menstruation
metr/o
uterus
oophor/o
ovary
pelv/i
pelvis, pelvic cavity
perine/o
perineum
salping/o
fallopian tube
trachel/o
cervix
vagin/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
hemat/o
blood
hydr/o
water
leuk/o
white
my/o
muscle
olig/o
scanty, few
py/o
pus
a-
absence of, without
dys-
difficult, labored, painful, abnormal
endo-
within
peri-
surrounding (outer)
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-cele
hernia, protrusion
-cleisis
surgical closure
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-gram
the record, radiographic image
-graphy
process of recording, radiographic imaging
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-logist
one who studies and treats
-logy
study of
-osis
abnormal condition
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhagia
excessive bleeding
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-salpinx
fallopian tube
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
-scopic
pertaining to visual examination
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
cut into, incision
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual flow
endometriosis
abnormal condition of the endometrium (endo tissue grows outside of the uterus in various areas in the pelvic cavity)
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium
hematosalpinx
blood in the fallopian tube
hydrosalpinx
water in the fallopian tube (clear, watery fluid collects in the tube and can cause a blockage)
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
menometrorrhagia
excessive bleeding from the uterus at menstruation (and between menstrual cycles; irregular and heavy)
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding at menstruation (heavy bleeding in a regular pattern)
metrorrhagia
excessive bleeding from the uterus (irregular out-or-cycle bleeding ranging from heavy to light, including spotting)
myometritis
inflammation of the uterine muscle (myometrium)
oligomenorrhea
scanty menstrual flow (infrequent menstrual flow)
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovary
perimetritis
inflammation surrounding the uterus (perimetrium)
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tube
salpingocele
hernia of the fallopian tube
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
vaginosis
abnormal condition of the vagina (caused by bacterial imbalance- BV)
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
irregular bleeding in the absence of pregnancy; menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia, and metrorrhagia are some types of AUB
adenomyosis
growth of the endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus
Bartholin cyst
blockage of one of the glands on either side of the vagina; usually causes a tender, swollen lump on the affected side, which may become infected, resulting in an abscess
breast cancer
malignant tumor of the breast
cervical cancer
malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma. its cause is linked to HPV infection
endometrial cancer
malignant tumor of the endometrium (uterine cancer)
fibrocystic breast changes (FCC)
thickening of the tissue (fibrosis), benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in one or both breasts. thought to be caused by monthly hormonal changes (other names: fibrocystic breasts, fibrocystic breast disease)
ovarian cancer
malignant tumor of the ovary
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs; can be caused by different pathogens. If untreated can spread from vagina to other pelvic organs and cause infertility and even fatal septicemia
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction and multiple ovarian cysts.
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring up to 10 days before menstruation. symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, headache
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia then hypertension/ shock/ death. affects people who use tampons. caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
uterine fibroid
benign tumor of the uterine muscle (also called myoma of the uterus or leiomyoma)
uterovaginal prolapse
dropping of the uterus (and sometimes vagina) due to weakened pelvic muscles; uterus moves downward into and is sometimes visible outside the vagina
vaginal fistula
abnormal connection between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum
colpocleisis
surgical closure of the vagina
colpoperineorrhaphy
suturing of the vagina and perineum
colpoplasty
surgical repair of the vagina
colporrhaphy
suturing of the vagina (wall)
episiorrhaphy
suturing of a tear in the vulva
hymenotomy
incision into the hymen
hysterectomy
excision of the uterus
hysteropexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast (performed to enlarge or reduce in size, or reconstruct after removal of a tumor)
mastectomy
excision of the breast
mastopexy
surgical fixation of the breast (performed to lift sagging breast tissue or to create symmetry)
oophorectomy
excision of the ovary
perineorrhaphy
suturing of (a tear in) the perineum
salpingectomy
excision of the fallopian tube
salpingo- oophorectomy
excision of the fallopian tube and the ovary
salpingostomy
creation of an artificial opening in the fallopian tube (to restore patency)
trachelectomy
excision of the cervix (also called cervicectomy)
vulvectomy
excision of the vulva
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair)
surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (protrusion of bladder against vagina) and a rectocele (protrusion of rectum against vagina)
conization
surgical removal of a cone shaped area of the cervix; used in the treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer. types of conization include loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), cryosurgery, laser ablation
dilation and curettage (D&C)
surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus using a curette, an instrument for scrapping. the procedure can be diagnostic or therapeutic
endometrial ablation
procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical or thermal energy. and used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
myomectomy
excision of a uterine fibroid (myoma)
tubal ligation
surgical closure of the fallopian tubes for sterilization; tubes may be cut and tied (ligated), cut and cauterized, closed off w/ a clip/ clamp/ ring/ etc. female surgical sterilization or tubal sterilization
uterine artery embolization (UAE)
placement of metal coils or small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying uterine fibroids or to stop severe hemorrhage after childbirth; performed by an interventional radiologist. (also called uterine fibroid embolization)
hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes (after injection of a contrast agent)
mammogram
radiographic image of the breast
mammography
radiographic imaging of the breast (also called digital mammography when images are obtained electronically and viewed on a computer)
sonohysterography (SHG)
process of recording the uterus by use of sound. (also called hysterosonography)
colposcope
instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
colposcopy
visual examination (with a magnified view) of vagina and cervix
hysteroscope
instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
hysteroscopy
visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
pelviscopic
pertaining to visual examination of the pelvic cavity (female repro organs)
pelviscopy
visual examination of the pelvic cavity (also called gynecologic laparoscopy)
sentinel lymph node biopsy
injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph nodes, first axillary chain, and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer. nodes are removed and microscopically examined. if nodes closest to the cancer are negative then no other nodes are removed
stereotactic breast biopsy
technique that combines mammography and computer- assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
transvaginal sonography (TVS)
US procedure that uses a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures. used to diagnose masses, monitor pregnancy, and evaluate ovulation for treatment of infertility
CA- 125 test
blood test primarily used to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer and detect recurrence once treatment is complete. CA- 125 is a protein found on the surface of most ovarian cancer cells and is released into the bloodstream. elevated amounts of CA -125 can mean you have ovarian cancer.
HPV test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect high-risk forms of HPV that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer; used for cervical cancer screening
pap test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect abnormal and cancerous cells; primarily used for cervical cancer screening (also known as papanicolaou test; pap smear)
leukorrhea
white discharge (from vagina)
mastalgia
pain in the breast
gynecologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of women/ female repro system
gynecology (GYN)
study of women
endocervical
pertaining to within the cervix
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
vaginal
pertaining to the vagina
vesicovaginal
pertaining to the urinary bladder and vagina
vulvovaginal
pertaining to the vulva and vagina
anovulation
failure of the ovary to release an egg
dyspareunia
difficult or painful intercourse
fistula
abnormal passageway between 2 organs or between an internal organ and the body surface
oligoovulation
infrequent release of an egg
contraception
intentional prevention of conception (also called birth control)
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
replacement of hormones, estrogen and progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause
speculum
instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection
menarche
beginning of menstruation (onset of first menstrual period)
menopause
cessation of menstruation, usually age 48- 53yrs old; may be induced by surgical oophorectomy or side effect of chemotherapy
AUB
abnormal uterine bleeding
FCC
fibrocystic breast changes
PCOS
polycystic ovary syndrome
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
HSG
hysterosalpingogram
SHG
sonohysterography
TVS
transvaginal sonography
A&P repair
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy
BC
birth control
D&C
dilation and curettage
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IUD
intrauterine device
IUS
intrauterine system
LAVH
laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
TAH/ BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy/ bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy
TLH
total laparoscopic hysterectomy
UAE
uterine artery embolization
VH
vaginal hysterectomy
almond shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity; form and store egg cells (ova) and make estrogen and progesterone. ovulation = release of egg from ovaries
ovaries
female egg cell
ovum
100,000 microscopic sacs that make up a large portion of the ovaries. Each follicle contains an immature ovum. normally one graafian follicle develops to maturity monthly between puberty and menopause. it moves to the surface of the ovary and releases the ovum, which passes into the fallopian tube.
graafian follicles
pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tubes
finger like projection at the free end of the fallopian tube
fimbria
pear sized and shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarges and extends into the abdominal cavity. functions: menstruation, pregnancy, labor
uterus
inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
muscular middle layer of the uterus
myometrium
outer protective layer of the uterus that secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction
perimetrium
large central portion of the uterus (also called uterine body)
corpus
rounded upper portion of the uterus
fundus
narrow lower portion of the uterus
cervix
passageway between uterus and outside of the body
vagina
fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina
hymen
external genitals of the female, including mons pubis, labia majora/ minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, and vaginal opening
vulva
pelvic floor in both male and females. in females it refers to the area between the vaginal opening and the opening
perineum
pair of mucus producing glands located on each side of the vagina just above the vaiginal opening. also called greater vestibular glands
bartholin glands
milk producing glands. each breast has 15 to 20 divisions or lobules (mammary glands)
breasts
breast nipple
mammary papilla
pigmented area around the breast nipple
areola
cervix
cervic/o
vagina
colp/o
endometrium
endometri/o
vulva
episi/o
woman, female repro. organs
gynec/o
hymen
hymen/o
uterus
hyster/o
breast
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
menstruation
men/o
uterus
metr/o
ovary
oophor/o
pelvis, pelvic cavity
pelv/i
perineum
perine/o
fallopian tube
salping/o
cervix
trachel/o
vagina
vagin/o
vulva
vulv/o
blood
hemat/o
water
hydr/o
white
leuk/o
muscle
my/o
scanty, few
olig/o
pus
py/o
absence of, without
a-
difficult, labored, painful, abnormal
dys-
within
endo-
surrounding (outer)
peri-
pertaining to
-al
pain
-algia
hernia, protrusion
-cele
surgical closure
-cleisis
excision, surgical removal
-ectomy
the record, radiographic image
-gram
process of recording, radiographic imaging
-graphy
pertaining to
-ic
inflammation
-itis
one who studies and treats
-logist
study of
-logy
abnormal condition
-osis
surgical fixation
-pexy
surgical repair
-plasty
excessive bleeding
-rrhagia
suturing, repairing
-rrhaphy
flow, discharge
-rrhea
fallopian tube
-salpinx
instrument used for visual examination
-scope
pertaining to visual examination
-scopic
visual examination
-scopy
cut into, incision
-tomy
absence of menstrual flow
amenorrhea
inflammation of the cervix
cervicitis
painful menstrual flow
dysmenorrhea
abnormal condition of the endometrium (endo tissue grows outside of the uterus in various areas in the pelvic cavity)
endometriosis
inflammation of the endometrium
endometritis
blood in the fallopian tube
hematosalpinx
water in the fallopian tube (clear, watery fluid collects in the tube and can cause a blockage)
hydrosalpinx
inflammation of the breast
mastitis
excessive bleeding from the uterus at menstruation (and between menstrual cycles; irregular and heavy)
menometrorrhagia
excessive bleeding at menstruation (heavy bleeding in a regular pattern)
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding from the uterus (irregular out-or-cycle bleeding ranging from heavy to light, including spotting)
metrorrhagia
inflammation of the uterine muscle (myometrium)
myometritis
scanty menstrual flow (infrequent menstrual flow)
oligomenorrhea
inflammation of the ovary
oophoritis
inflammation surrounding the uterus (perimetrium)
perimetritis
pus in the fallopian tube
pyosalpinx
inflammation of the fallopian tube
salpingitis
hernia of the fallopian tube
salpingocele
inflammation of the vagina
vaginitis
abnormal condition of the vagina (caused by bacterial imbalance- BV)
vaginosis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
vulvovaginitis
irregular bleeding in the absence of pregnancy; menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia, and metrorrhagia are some types of AUB
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
growth of the endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus
adenomyosis
blockage of one of the glands on either side of the vagina; usually causes a tender, swollen lump on the affected side, which may become infected, resulting in an abscess
Bartholin cyst
malignant tumor of the breast
breast cancer
malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma. its cause is linked to HPV infection
cervical cancer
malignant tumor of the endometrium (uterine cancer)
endometrial cancer
thickening of the tissue (fibrosis), benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in one or both breasts. thought to be caused by monthly hormonal changes (other names: fibrocystic breasts, fibrocystic breast disease)
fibrocystic breast changes (FCC)
malignant tumor of the ovary
ovarian cancer
inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs; can be caused by different pathogens. If untreated can spread from vagina to other pelvic organs and cause infertility and even fatal septicemia
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction and multiple ovarian cysts.
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring up to 10 days before menstruation. symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, headache
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia then hypertension/ shock/ death. affects people who use tampons. caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
benign tumor of the uterine muscle (also called myoma of the uterus or leiomyoma)
uterine fibroid
dropping of the uterus (and sometimes vagina) due to weakened pelvic muscles; uterus moves downward into and is sometimes visible outside the vagina
uterovaginal prolapse
abnormal condition between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum
vaginal fistula
surgical closure of the vagina
colpocleisis
suturing of the vagina and perineum
colpoperineorrhaphy
surgical repair of the vagina
colpoplasty
suturing of the vagina (wall)
colporrhaphy
suturing of a tear in the vulva
episiorrhaphy
incision into the hymen
hymenotomy
excision of the uterus
hysterectomy
surgical fixation of the uterus
hysteropexy
surgical repair of the breast (performed to enlarge or reduce in size, or reconstruct after removal of a tumor)
mammoplasty
excision of the breast
mastectomy
surgical fixation of the breast (performed to lift sagging breast tissue or to create symmetry)
mastopexy
excision of the ovary
oophorectomy
suturing of (a tear in) the perineum
perineorrhaphy
excision of the fallopian tube
salpingectomy
excision of the fallopian tube and the ovary
salpingo- oophorectomy
creation of an artificial opening in the fallopian tube (to restore patency)
salpingostomy
excision of the cervix (also called cervicectomy)
trachelectomy
excision of the vulva
vulvectomy
surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (protrusion of bladder against vagina) and a rectocele (protrusion of rectum against vagina)
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair)
surgical removal of a cone shaped area of the cervix; used in the treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer. types of conization include loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), cryosurgery, laser ablation
conization
surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus using a curette, an instrument for scrapping. the procedure can be diagnostic or therapeutic
dilation and curettage (D&C)
procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical or thermal energy. and used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
endometrial ablation
excision of a uterine fibroid (myoma)
myomectomy
surgical closure of the fallopian tubes for sterilization; tubes may be cut and tied (ligated), cut and cauterized, closed off w/ a clip/ clamp/ ring/ etc. female surgical sterilization or tubal sterilization
tubal ligation
placement of metal coils or small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying uterine fibroids or to stop severe hemorrhage after childbirth; performed by an interventional radiologist. (also called uterine fibroid embolization)
uterine artery embolization (UAE)
radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes (after injection of a contrast agent)
hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
radiographic image of the breast
mammogram
radiographic imaging of the breast (also called digital mammography when images are obtained electronically and viewed on a computer)
mammography
process of recording the uterus by use of sound. (also called hysterosonography)
sonohysterography (SHG)
instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
colposcope
visual examination (with a magnified view) of vagina and cervix
colposcopy
instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
hysteroscope
visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
hysteroscopy
pertaining to visual examination of the pelvic cavity (female repro organs)
pelviscopic
visual examination of the pelvic cavity (also called gynecologic laparoscopy)
pelviscopy
injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph nodes, first axillary chain, and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer. nodes are removed and microscopically examined. if nodes closest to the cancer are negative then no other nodes are removed
sentinel lymph node biopsy
technique that combines mammography and computer- assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
stereotactic breast biopsy
US procedure that uses a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures. used to diagnose masses, monitor pregnancy, and evaluate ovulation for treatment of infertility
transvaginal sonography (TVS)
blood test primarily used to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer and detect recurrence once treatment is complete. CA- 125 is a protein found on the surface of most ovarian cancer cells and is released into the bloodstream. elevated amounts of CA -125 can mean you have ovarian cancer.
CA- 125 test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect high-risk forms of HPV that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer; used for cervical cancer screening
HPV test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect abnormal and cancerous cells; primarily used for cervical cancer screening (also known as papanicolaou test; pap smear)
pap test
white discharge (from vagina)
leukorrhea
pain in the breast
mastalgia
physician who studies and treats diseases of women/ female repro system
gynecologist
study of women
gynecology (GYN)
pertaining to within the cervix
endocervical
pertaining to the pelvis
pelvic
pertaining to the vagina
vaginal
pertaining to the urinary bladder and vagina
vesicovaginal
pertaining to the vulva and vagina
vulvovaginal
failure of the ovary to release an egg
anovulation
difficult or painful intercourse
dyspareunia
abnormal passageway between 2 organs or between an internal organ and the body surface
fistula
infrequent release of an egg
oligoovulation
intentional prevention of conception (also called birth control)
contraception
replacement of hormones, estrogen and progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection
speculum
beginning of menstruation (onset of first menstrual period)
menarche
cessation of menstruation, usually age 48- 53yrs old; may be induced by surgical oophorectomy or side effect of chemotherapy
menopause
abnormal uterine bleeding
AUB
fibrocystic breast changes
FCC
polycystic ovary syndrome
PCOS
pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
premenstrual syndrome
PMS
toxic shock syndrome
TSS
hysterosalpingogram
HSG
sonohysterography
SHG
transvaginal sonography
TVS
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy
A&P repair
birth control
BC
dilation and curettage
D&C
hormone replacement therapy
HRT
intrauterine device
IUD
intrauterine system
IUS
laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
LAVH
total abdominal hysterectomy/ bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy
TAH/ BSO
total laparoscopic hysterectomy
TLH
uterine artery embolization
UAE
vaginal hysterectomy
VH
