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Histology > Chapter 9: Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Name for nerve cells; respond to environmental stimuli by a reversal of their ionic gradient

A

Neurons

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2
Q

cells that support and protect neurons

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

______ nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central (CNS)

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4
Q

_______ nervous system composed of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

A

Peripheral

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5
Q

The nervous system develops from the ______ of the three early embryonic layers

A

Ectoderm

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6
Q

Step 1 of nervous system development: the overlying layer of ectodermal cells thickens as a bending ___ ___

A

Neural plate

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7
Q

Step 2 of nervous system development: The plate bends further, making the neural ___ and _____

A

Folds and groove

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8
Q

Step 3 of nervous system development: the neural folds rise and fuse at the midline, converting the groove into the ____ ____

A

Neural tube

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9
Q

Cells of the the neural ___ give rise to the entire CNS including neurons and most glial cells

A

Neural tube

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10
Q

Two other names for the cell body of a neuron ___ and ___

A

Soma and perikaryon

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11
Q

The ___ ___ which contains the nucleus and most of the cell;s organelles and serves as the synthetic to tropic center for the entire neuron

A

Cell body/soma/perikaryon

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12
Q

The ______, which are the numerous elongated processes extending from the the perikaryon and specialized to receive stimuli from the other neurons at unique sites called synapses

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

The ____, which is a single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells

A

Axon

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14
Q

_____ neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites; most common classification

A

Multipolar neurons

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15
Q

_____ neurons have one dendrite and one axon; comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, the olfactory epithelium, and the inner ear

A

Bipolar neurons

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16
Q

____ or _____ neurons have a single process that splits into two, near the soma, with the longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS

A

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

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17
Q

Sensory neurons are _____, receiving stimuli from receptors throughout the body and convert to the CNS

A

Afferent

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18
Q

Motor neurons are _____, sending impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands from the CNS

A

Efferent

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19
Q

_______ establish relationships among other neurons, forming complex functional networks or circuits in the CNS

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

In the CNS, most synapses on dendrites occur on dendritic ____

A

Dendritic spines

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21
Q

Dynamic membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches

A

Dendritic spines

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22
Q

Axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the ___ ___, juts beyond which the axolemma has concentrated ion channels that generate the action potential

A

Axon hillock

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23
Q

Each small axonal branch ends with a dilation called a _____ ____ that contacts another neuron or non-nerve cell at a synapse to initiate an impulse in that cell

A

Terminal bouton

24
Q

Organelles and macromolecules synthesized in the cell body move by _______ transport along axonal microtubules via _____ from the perikaryon to the synaptic terminals

A

Anterograde transport; Kinesin

25
Q

______ transport from the synaptic terminals to perikaryon via ______ carries certain other macromolecules

A

Retrograde transport; Dynein

26
Q

Sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells

A

Synapses

27
Q

Small molecules that bind specific receptor proteins to either open or close ion channels or initiate second-messengers cascades

A

Neurotransmitters

28
Q

_____ synapse: branched axon terminals associated with and transmit a nerve impulse to another neuron’s cell body (soma)

A

Axosomatic synapses

29
Q

_____ synapse: branched axon terminals associated with and transmit a nerve impulse to a dendritic spine

A

Axodendritic synapses

30
Q

____ synapse: an axon terminal forms a synapse with an axon terminal of another neuron

A

Axoaxonic synapses

31
Q

The fibrous intercellular network of CNS tissue emerging from neurons and glial cells

A

Neuropil

32
Q

______ extend many processes, each of which becomes sheetlike and wraps repeatedly around a portion of a nearby CNS axon

A

Oligodendrocytes

33
Q

The ____ ____ electrically insulates the axon and facilitates rapid transmission of nerve impulses

A

Myelin sheath

34
Q

______ originate from progenitor cells in the embryonic neural tube and are by far the most numerous glial cells of the brain

A

Astrocytes

35
Q

Astrocytes extend fibrous processes with expanded ________ feet that cover endothelial cells, capillaries

A

Perivascular feet

36
Q

________ mediate the exchange of ions, oxygen, and other molecules; form part of the blood brain barrier; control vasodilation

A

Astrocytes

37
Q

Astrocytes form a barrier layer of expanding protoplasmic processes, called the ___ ___ membranes which lines the meninges at the external CNS surface (Pia Matter)

A

Glial limiting membrane

38
Q

Form scar tissue in the CNS at sites of damage

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

Columnar or cuboidal cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

40
Q

______ cells joined tightly together; no basal lamina; attached to neuropil; some areas apical end can have microvilli

A

Ependymal cells

41
Q

Consisting of small cell bodies from which radiate many long, branched processes, are less numerous than oligodendrocytes or astrocytes but nearly as common as neurons in some CNS regions

A

Microglia

42
Q

______ cells also constitute the major mechanism of immune defense in the CNS, removing any microbial invaders and secreting several immunoregulatory cytokines

A

Microglial cells

43
Q

These cells originate from blood monocytes

A

Microglial cells

44
Q

____ cells are only found up the PNS and differentiate from precursors in the neural crest

A

Schwann cells

45
Q

Form myelin around a portion of only one axon per cell

A

Schwann cells

46
Q

Derived from the embryonic neural crest, small ______ cells form a thin, intimate glial layer around each large neuronal cell body in the ganglia of the PNS

A

Satellite cells

47
Q

Loose areas of cytoplasm in Schwann cells myelin sheath; uncompacted regions

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

48
Q

The major structures comprising the ______ are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

CNS

49
Q

The main components of ______ matter are myelinated axons and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes

A

White matter

50
Q

_____ matter contains abundant neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, astrocytes, and microglial cells, and is where most synapses occur

A

Gray matter

51
Q

In the cerebrum and cerebellum, ______ matter makes up the periphery and ____ matter makes up the center

A

Grey; white

52
Q

In the spinal cord, ______ matter makes up the periphery and ____ matter makes up the center

A

White; grey

53
Q

Neurons of the _____ cortex function in the integration of sensory informations and the initiation of voluntary motor responses

A

Cerebral cortex

54
Q

The main components of the ______ are the nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings

A

PNS

55
Q

Btw adjacent Schwann cells on an axon, the myelin sheath shows small ____ ___ ____, where the axon is only partially covered by interlocking Schwann cell processes

A

Node of Ranvier

Histology (12 decks)

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