Chapter 11: Circulatory System

Question 1

includes both the blood and lymphatic vascular system; pumps and directs blood cells and substances carried in blood to all tissues of the body

Answer 1

circulatory system

Question 2

the ____ propels blood through the system and is surrounded by the ________, a fibrous sac lined by serous mesothelium

Answer 2

heart; pericardium

Question 3

a series of vessels efferent from the heart that become smaller as they branch into the various organs, carry blood to the tissues

Answer 3

arteries

Question 4

the smallest vessels, are the sites of O2, CO2, nutrient, and waste product exchange between blood and tissues

Answer 4

capillaries

Question 5

capillaries form a complex network of thin tubules called the _____

Answer 5

microvasculature or microvascular bed

Question 6

the convergence of venules into a system of larger channels which continue enlarging as they approach the heart

Answer 6

veins

Question 7

the internal surface of all components of the blood and lymphatic systems is lined by a ____ ____ epithelium called __________

Answer 7

simple squamous; endothelium

Question 8

heart chamber that pumps blood to the lungs

Answer 8

right ventricle

Question 9

heart chamber that pumps blood to the body

Answer 9

left ventricle

Question 10

heart chamber that receives blood from the body

Answer 10

right atria

Question 11

heart chamber that receives blood from the lungs

Answer 11

left atria

Question 12

heart layer that contains single layer of endothelial cells, thin layer of fibroelastic CT, and Purkinje fibers

Answer 12

Endocardium

Question 13

heart layer that is thicker around ventricles than the atria; thickest part of the heart; contains cardiac muscle

Answer 13

Myocardium

Question 14

heart layer that contains simple squamous mesothelium, layer of loose CT with blood vessels and nerves, and secretes serous fluid (lubrication)

Answer 14

Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium

Question 15

prominent dense irregular CT comprising the fibrous cardiac _____ separates the musculature of the atria from that of the ventricles

Answer 15

skeleton

Question 16

heart valves inner region are lined by ______

Answer 16

endothelial

Question 17

in both the subendocardial and myocardium layers, modified cardiac muscle cells make up the impulse _____ system of the heart

Answer 17

conducting

Question 18

specialized to generate and conduct waves of depolarization, which stimulate rhythmic contractions in myocardial fibers

Answer 18

impulse conducting system

Question 19

the impulse conducting system has two nodes of specialized myocardial tissue in the ____ ____ wall

Answer 19

right atrial

Question 20

name of two nodes

Answer 20

sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes

Question 21

located in the right atrial wall; small mass of modified cardiac muscle calls with fewer myofibrils; generates and distributes electrical signals; pacemaker

Answer 21

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 22

located in the floor of the right atrium; small mass of modified cardiac muscle calls with fewer myofibrils; bundle of His; delayed response

Answer 22

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 23

pale-staining fibers; mingle distally with contractile muscle fibers of each ventricle and trigger waves of contraction through both ventricles simultaneously

Answer 23

Purkinje fibers

Question 24

a blood glycoprotein involved in blood clotting; binds platelets

Answer 24

von Willebrands factor

Question 25

At site of injury or infection, __-____ is expressed rapidly on the luminal surface when unique elongated granules, called ___-____ ____, fuse with the cell membrane

Answer 25

P-selectin; Weibel-Palade bodies

Question 26

growth factors such as ______ _____ growth factor stimulate vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Answer 26

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Question 27

formation of the vascular system from embryonic mesenchyme

Answer 27

vasculogenesis

Question 28

capillary sprouting and outgrowth from small existing vessels

Answer 28

angiogenesis

Question 29

___ ___ fibers occur in the walls of all vessels; connected by many gap junctions and permit vasoconstriction and vasodilation that help in regulating the overall blood pressure

Answer 29

smooth muscle

Question 30

all larger vessels have walls with ____ concentric layers or tunics

Answer 30

three

Question 31

the tunica _____ consists of the endothelium and a thin subendothelial layer of loose CT and sometimes containing smooth muscle fibers

Answer 31

tunica intima

Question 32

In arteries, the intima includes a thin layer, the ____ ____ ___, composed of fenestrated elastin

Answer 32

internal elastic lamina

Question 33

the tunica _____ consists chiefly of concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells

Answer 33

tunica media

Question 34

In arteries, the media may also have an ____ ____ ___ separating it from the outermost tunic

Answer 34

external elastic lamina

Question 35

the tunica ____ is CT consisting principally of type I collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 35

externa or adventitia

Question 36

larger vessels usually have ____ ____ in the adventitia; required to provide metabolites to cells in those tunics in larger vessels because the wall is too thick to be nourished solely by diffusion from the blood in the lumen

Answer 36

vasa vasorum

Question 37

have no tunics; endothelium cells rolled into a tube

Answer 37

capillaries

Question 38

make up 90% of the body's vasculature; slow blood flow (low pressure)

Answer 38

capillaries

Question 39

_____ capillaries have many tight, occluding junctions between endothelial cells, which provide for continuity along the endothelium and well-regulated metabolic exchange across the cells

Answer 39

continuous

Question 40

most common type of capillary found in muscle and CT

Answer 40

continuous

Question 41

_____ capillaries have a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium

Answer 41

fenestrated

Question 42

_____ capillaries are found in the kidneys and digestive system, like intestine

Answer 42

fenestrated

Question 43

_____ capillaries, commonly called _____, permit maximal exchange of macromolecules

Answer 43

discontinuous; sinusoids

Question 44

these capillaries are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Answer 44

discontinuous or sinusoids

Question 45

secrete many ECM components and form their own basal lamina, which fuses w/ the basement membrane of the endothelial cells

Answer 45

pericytes

Question 46

after injuries, ____ differentiate to form smooth muscle and other cells in new vessels as the microvasculature is reestablished

Answer 46

pericytes

Question 47

contain an abundance of actin and myosin - contractile properties; regulate blood flow; blood-brain barrier

Answer 47

pericytes