Chapter 1: Methods

Question 1

a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acid strand (i.e., a probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue or if the tissue is small enough

Answer 1

In situ hybridization

Question 2

a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the terminal end of nucleic acids

Answer 2

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL)

Question 3

antibodies labeled with a coloured marker or fluorescent tag interact with antigens

Answer 3

Immunohistochemistry

Question 4

a compound extracted from mushroom, interacts strongly with the actin protein of microfilaments

Answer 4

Phalloidin

Question 5

a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures

Answer 5

Enzyme histochemistry/cytochemistry

Question 6

radioactive label is tritium labeled thymidine; or bromodeoxyuridine

Answer 6

Autoradiography

Question 7

this process localizes cell components synthesized using radioactive precursors by detecting silver grains produced by weakly emitted radiation in a photographic emulsion coating the tissue section or cells

Answer 7

Autoradiography

Question 8

provides high resolution view of the surface of cells, tissues, and organs; surface of specimen is spray-coated with a heavy metal

Answer 8

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Question 9

imaging system that permits resolution around 3 nm; focused electron light

Answer 9

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Question 10

beams of polarized light have their phases altered by a sample, splitting and the recombination of beams by Wollaston Prisms, causes interference

Answer 10

DIC/NIC

Question 11

uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects; can be used with living cells

Answer 11

Phase contrast

Question 12

allows the recognition of strained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits; birefringence

Answer 12

Polarized

Question 13

achieves high resolution and sharp focus by using a small point of high-intensity light and a plate with a pinhole aperture in front of the image detector

Answer 13

Confocal

Question 14

tissue sections are irradiated with UV light and the emission is in the visible light spectrum

Answer 14

Fluorescent

Question 15

a stain that dyes nerve tissue; makes them appear black

Answer 15

Silver

Question 16

a stained tissue is examined with ordinary light

Answer 16

Brightfield

Question 17

a stain that dyes cartilage and collagen green

Answer 17

Masson’s trichrome

Question 18

a stain that is lipid-soluble; used for lipid staining

Answer 18

Sudan black

Question 19

a stain that dyes polysaccharides and carbohydrate-rich tissues purple or magenta

Answer 19

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

Question 20

eosin stains things in the color(s) of _____

Answer 20

Red/reddish pink

Question 21

hematoxylin stains things in the color(s) of ________

Answer 21

Blue/purple

Question 22

eosin is a _____ dye

Answer 22

Acidic stain

Question 23

hematoxylin is a ____ dye

Answer 23

Basic stain

Question 24

cationic components, such as proteins, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and collagen have an affinity for acidic dyes

Answer 24

Acidophilic

Question 25

cell components, such as nucleic acids with a net negative charge (anionic), have an affinity for basic dyes

Answer 25

Basophilic

Question 26

an instrument that trims embedded tissue

Answer 26

MIcrotome (cryotome)

Question 27

a fixative that does autofluoresces

Answer 27

Glutaraldehyde

Question 28

a fixative that doesn’t autofluoresce

Answer 28

Formaldehyde

Question 29

preserves (and stains) cellular lipids as well as proteins; myelinated nerves; very well detail, particularly lipids, for TEM

Answer 29

Osmium tetroxide

Question 30

reacts with the amine groups of proteins preventing their degradation by common proteases; extremely high levels of morphology for TEM and EM

Answer 30

Glutaraldehyde

Question 31

reacts with the amine groups of proteins preventing their degradation by common proteases; good morphology for LM, FM, and SEM

Answer 31

Formaldehyde

Question 32

to preserve tissue structure and prevent degradation by enzymes released from the cells or microorganisms

Answer 32

Fixation