Chapter 1: Methods Flashcards
a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acid strand (i.e., a probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue or if the tissue is small enough
In situ hybridization
a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the terminal end of nucleic acids
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL)
antibodies labeled with a coloured marker or fluorescent tag interact with antigens
Immunohistochemistry
a compound extracted from mushroom, interacts strongly with the actin protein of microfilaments
Phalloidin
a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures
Enzyme histochemistry/cytochemistry
radioactive label is tritium labeled thymidine; or bromodeoxyuridine
Autoradiography
this process localizes cell components synthesized using radioactive precursors by detecting silver grains produced by weakly emitted radiation in a photographic emulsion coating the tissue section or cells
Autoradiography
provides high resolution view of the surface of cells, tissues, and organs; surface of specimen is spray-coated with a heavy metal
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
imaging system that permits resolution around 3 nm; focused electron light
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
beams of polarized light have their phases altered by a sample, splitting and the recombination of beams by Wollaston Prisms, causes interference
DIC/NIC
uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects; can be used with living cells
Phase contrast
allows the recognition of strained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits; birefringence
Polarized
achieves high resolution and sharp focus by using a small point of high-intensity light and a plate with a pinhole aperture in front of the image detector
Confocal
tissue sections are irradiated with UV light and the emission is in the visible light spectrum
Fluorescent
a stain that dyes nerve tissue; makes them appear black
Silver
a stained tissue is examined with ordinary light
Brightfield
a stain that dyes cartilage and collagen green
Masson’s trichrome
a stain that is lipid-soluble; used for lipid staining
Sudan black
a stain that dyes polysaccharides and carbohydrate-rich tissues purple or magenta
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
eosin stains things in the color(s) of _____
Red/reddish pink
hematoxylin stains things in the color(s) of ________
Blue/purple
eosin is a _____ dye
Acidic stain
hematoxylin is a ____ dye
Basic stain
cationic components, such as proteins, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and collagen have an affinity for acidic dyes
Acidophilic
cell components, such as nucleic acids with a net negative charge (anionic), have an affinity for basic dyes
Basophilic
an instrument that trims embedded tissue
MIcrotome (cryotome)
a fixative that does autofluoresces
Glutaraldehyde
a fixative that doesn’t autofluoresce
Formaldehyde
preserves (and stains) cellular lipids as well as proteins; myelinated nerves; very well detail, particularly lipids, for TEM
Osmium tetroxide
reacts with the amine groups of proteins preventing their degradation by common proteases; extremely high levels of morphology for TEM and EM
Glutaraldehyde
reacts with the amine groups of proteins preventing their degradation by common proteases; good morphology for LM, FM, and SEM
Formaldehyde
to preserve tissue structure and prevent degradation by enzymes released from the cells or microorganisms
Fixation
