Chapter 7: Cartilage

Question 1

a tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue, characterized by an extracellular matrix (ECM) with high concentrations of GAGs and proteoglycans, interacting with collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 1

cartilage

Question 2

has a firm consistency that allows the tissue to bear mechanical stress w/o permanent distortion

Answer 2

cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 3

cartilage consists of cells called

Answer 3

chondrocytes

Question 4

synthesize and maintain all ECM components

Answer 4

chondrocytes

Question 5

chondrocytes are located in the matrix cavities called

Answer 5

lacunae

Question 6

the physical properties of cartilage depend on electrostatic bonds btw type __ _______ fibrils, ___________, and sulfated GAGs on densely packed ___________

Answer 6

type II collagen; hyaluronan; proteoglycans

Question 7

the high content of bound water allows cartilage to serve as a ______ absorber

Answer 7

shock

Question 8

all types of cartilage lack vascular supplies and chondrocytes receive nutrients by diffusion from capillaries in the perichondrium, meaning it’s _____ tissue

Answer 8

avascular

Question 9

a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage, forming an interface btw cartilage and the tissues supported by the cartilage

Answer 9

perichondrium

Question 10

harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component

Answer 10

perichondrium

Question 11

covers the ends of bones in movable joints; lacks perichondrium

Answer 11

articular cartilage

Question 12

articular cartilage is sustained by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the ______ _____

Answer 12

synovial fluid

Question 12

three main types of cartilage: _____ cartilage, _____ cartilage, and ___________

Answer 12

hyaline; elastic; fibrocartilage

Question 13

cartilage located in the articular surfaces of movable joints, in the walls of larger respiratory passages, in the ventral ends of ribs, sternum, and in epiphyseal plates of long bones

Answer 13

hyaline

Question 14

in the embryo, _____ cartilage forms the temporary skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone

Answer 14

hyaline

Question 15

ECM of _____ cartilage is homogeneous, with type II collagen and aggrecan

Answer 15

hyaline

Question 16

aggrecan with approx, 150 GAG side chains of ________ _-sulfate, ______ _-sulfate, and ______ sulfate

Answer 16

chondroitin 4; chondroitin 6; keratan

Question 17

most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage

Answer 17

aggrecan

Question 18

structural multiadhesive glycoprotein in cartilage ECM; binds specially to GAGs, collagen, and integrins, mediating the adherence of chondrocytes to the ECM

Answer 18

chondronectin

Question 19

provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints; structural support for respiratory tract

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage

Question 20

the ECM immediately around each lacuna; contains mostly proteoglycans and sparse collagen; stains darker

Answer 20

territorial matrix

Question 21

more distant from lacunae; richer in collagen and may be less basophilic; stains lighter

Answer 21

interterritorial matrix

Question 22

elliptic shape cells, with long axes parallel to the surface; at the periphery of the cartilage, young chondrocytes

Answer 22

chondroblasts

Question 23

groups up to eight cells that originate from mitotic divisions of a single chondroblasts

Answer 23

isogenous aggregates

Question 24

hyaline cartilage cells metabolize glucose mainly by _______ ______

Answer 24

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 25

a major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth; pituitary-derived protein called growth hormone or ______

Answer 25

somatotropin

Question 26

expect at epiphyses and articular, all hyaline cartilage is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue called ______

Answer 26

perichondrium

Question 27

the outer region of the perichondrium consists largely of collagen _____ ___ fibers and _______

Answer 27

type I; fibroblasts

Question 28

contains an abundant network of elastic fibers and a meshwork of collagen type II fibrils

Answer 28

elastic cartilage

Question 29

found in the ears, the epiglottis, and the upper respiratory tract

Answer 29

elastic cartilage

Question 30

a mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

Answer 30

fibrocartilage

Question 31

found in intervertebral discs, certain ligament attachments, and in the pubic symphysis

Answer 31

fibrocartilage

Question 32

chondrocytes of fibrocartilage produce ____ ___ _____ and other ECM components

Answer 32

collagen type II

Question 33

has no distinct perichondrium; more acidophilic due to low amounts of proteoglycans

Answer 33

fibrocartilage

Question 34

provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

Answer 34

elastic cartilage

Question 35

provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

Answer 35

fibrocartilage

Question 36

all cartilage forms from embryonic mesenchyme in the process of ______

Answer 36

chondrogenesis

Question 37

involving mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes; growing outward

Answer 37

interstitial growth

Question 38

involves chondroblasts differentiation from progenitor cells in the perichondrium; growing inward

Answer 38

appositional growth

Question 39

chronic condition - gradual loss or degeneration of hyaline articular cartilage

Answer 39

Osteoarthritis

Question 40

stain for elastic

Answer 40

weigerts