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Histology > Chapter 12: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called ______

A

Plasma

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2
Q

____ _____ that circulate in the plasma are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

A

Formed elements

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3
Q

Percentage of total volume of erythrocytes in the blood

A

Hematocrit

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4
Q

Is used to distribute oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and heat

A

Blood

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5
Q

Nutrients, respiratory gases,nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called _______

A

Electrolytes

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6
Q

Made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood; most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

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7
Q

__- and __-________ made by the liver, transport factors like lipid, iron, and metal ions; groups of large globular proteins

A

α- and β-globulins

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8
Q

Plasma protein that are antibodies with various immune functions

A

γ-globulins (immunoglobulins)

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9
Q

Plasma glycoprotein which polymerizes during clotting; made in liver

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

Soluble fibrinogen turns into insoluble ______

A

Fibrin

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11
Q

Helps the antibody-antigen system in removing pathogens; enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, attracting macrophages and neutrophils, and rupturing membranes of foreign cells

A

Complement proteins

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12
Q

Is the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved

A

Water (~92% of plasma)

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13
Q

All _____ proteins serve to buffer against pH changes

A

Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)

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14
Q

terminally differentiated structures , lacking nuclei and mitochondria, and completely filled with hemoglobin

A

erythrocytes

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15
Q

the biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides a large _____-to-_____ ratio and facilitates gas exchange

A

surface-to-volume

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16
Q

an ion channel integral protein, that is crucial for CO2 uptake; binds to the cell cytoskeleton

A

band 3 protein

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17
Q

integral protein important for cytoskeletal attachment

A

glycophorins

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18
Q

the glycosylated extracellular domains of the integral proteins include _____ sites that form the basis for the ABO blood typing system

A

antigenic

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19
Q

dimers of which forma lattice bound to underlying actin filaments; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane

A

spectrin

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20
Q

anchors the spectrin lattice to the glycophorins and band 3 proteins; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane

A

ankyrin

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21
Q

tetrameric oxygen-carrying protein; porphyrin ring containing iron

A

hemoglobin

22
Q

______ ____ is substituted by _____ which causes sickle cell

A

glutamic acid; valine

23
Q

key players in the defense against invading microorganisms and tissue repair and immunity

A

leukocytes

24
Q

leukocytes become ______ and _____ after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues

A

amoeboid; motile

25
Q

granulocytes possess two major types of abundant cytoplasmic granules: ___________ granules and _________ granules

A

azurophilic; specific

26
Q

another name for azurophilic granules

A

lysosomes

27
Q

granulocytes have ________ nuclei with two or more distinct lobes

A

polymorphic

28
Q

most granulocytes undergo ______ in the ________ tissue, as they only live a few days

A

apoptosis; connective

29
Q

lack specific granules but do contain lysosomes; nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated

A

agranulocytes

30
Q

neutrophils are ___-___ μm in diameter, with multilobed nuclei having __ to ___ lobes

A

12-15; two to five

31
Q

_________ are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells using ______ and remove the invaders or their debris by ______

A

neutrophils; chemotaxis; phagocytosis

32
Q

Contain glycogen and can survive in anaerobic environment

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

Largo beloved nucleus; has specific granules that typically stain pink or red

A

Eosinophils

34
Q

Eosinophil specific granules contain _____ _____ proteins that have cytotoxic effects on parasites

A

Major basic proteins (MBP)

35
Q

Eosinophils have an important role in the __________ response triggered by allergies

A

Inflammatory

36
Q

The nucleus is divide into two irregular lobes, but the specific granules overlying the nucleus usually obscure its shape

A

Basophils

37
Q

Their specific granules can contain heparin, histamine

A

Basophils

38
Q

Heparin is a ________ and histamine is an __________ mediator

A

Anticoagulant; inflammation

39
Q

By migrating into _____ tissue, basophils supplement the functions of _____ cells

A

Connective; mast

40
Q

Most numerous type of agranulocytes; spherical nuclei; smallest leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

41
Q

Have diverse roles in immune defenses against invading microorganisms

A

Lymphocytes

42
Q

Can travel between the blood, tissues, and Lymph system and back; can live from a few days to years

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

Are precursors cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Monocytes

44
Q

Largest leukocytes and have nuclei that are indented or kidney-shaped

A

Monocytes

45
Q

Another name for blood platelets

A

Thrombocytes

46
Q

Non-nucleated, membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

A

Thrombocytes

47
Q

____ promote blood clotting (_______) and help repair minor tears and leaks in walls of blood vessels

A

Platelets; thrombin

48
Q

Lightly stained, peripheral region of platelets

A

Hyalomere

49
Q

Heavily stained, central zone rich in granules

A

Granulomere

50
Q

The open _________ system and _______ system facilitate the rapid exocytosis of proteins from platelets upon adhesion to collagen outside the vascular endothelium

A

Canalicular; tubular

51
Q

______ in the platelet membrane adhere to _______ in the vascular basal lamina or wall, allowing a platelet _____ to form

A

Integrins; collagen; plug

52
Q

_____ converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Thrombin

Histology (12 decks)

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