Chapter 12: Blood

Question 1

Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called ______

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

____ _____ that circulate in the plasma are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Answer 2

Formed elements

Question 3

Percentage of total volume of erythrocytes in the blood

Answer 3

Hematocrit

Question 4

Is used to distribute oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and heat

Answer 4

Blood

Question 5

Nutrients, respiratory gases,nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called _______

Answer 5

Electrolytes

Question 6

Made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood; most abundant plasma protein

Answer 6

Albumin

Question 7

__- and __-________ made by the liver, transport factors like lipid, iron, and metal ions; groups of large globular proteins

Answer 7

α- and β-globulins

Question 8

Plasma protein that are antibodies with various immune functions

Answer 8

γ-globulins (immunoglobulins)

Question 9

Plasma glycoprotein which polymerizes during clotting; made in liver

Answer 9

Fibrinogen

Question 10

Soluble fibrinogen turns into insoluble ______

Answer 10

Fibrin

Question 11

Helps the antibody-antigen system in removing pathogens; enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, attracting macrophages and neutrophils, and rupturing membranes of foreign cells

Answer 11

Complement proteins

Question 12

Is the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved

Answer 12

Water (~92% of plasma)

Question 13

All _____ proteins serve to buffer against pH changes

Answer 13

Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)

Question 14

terminally differentiated structures , lacking nuclei and mitochondria, and completely filled with hemoglobin

Answer 14

erythrocytes

Question 15

the biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides a large _____-to-_____ ratio and facilitates gas exchange

Answer 15

surface-to-volume

Question 16

an ion channel integral protein, that is crucial for CO2 uptake; binds to the cell cytoskeleton

Answer 16

band 3 protein

Question 17

integral protein important for cytoskeletal attachment

Answer 17

glycophorins

Question 18

the glycosylated extracellular domains of the integral proteins include _____ sites that form the basis for the ABO blood typing system

Answer 18

antigenic

Question 19

dimers of which forma lattice bound to underlying actin filaments; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane

Answer 19

spectrin

Question 20

anchors the spectrin lattice to the glycophorins and band 3 proteins; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane

Answer 20

ankyrin

Question 21

tetrameric oxygen-carrying protein; porphyrin ring containing iron

Answer 21

hemoglobin

Question 22

______ ____ is substituted by _____ which causes sickle cell

Answer 22

glutamic acid; valine

Question 23

key players in the defense against invading microorganisms and tissue repair and immunity

Answer 23

leukocytes

Question 24

leukocytes become ______ and _____ after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues

Answer 24

amoeboid; motile

Question 25

granulocytes possess two major types of abundant cytoplasmic granules: ___________ granules and _________ granules

Answer 25

azurophilic; specific

Question 26

another name for azurophilic granules

Answer 26

lysosomes

Question 27

granulocytes have ________ nuclei with two or more distinct lobes

Answer 27

polymorphic

Question 28

most granulocytes undergo ______ in the ________ tissue, as they only live a few days

Answer 28

apoptosis; connective

Question 29

lack specific granules but do contain lysosomes; nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated

Answer 29

agranulocytes

Question 30

neutrophils are ___-___ μm in diameter, with multilobed nuclei having __ to ___ lobes

Answer 30

12-15; two to five

Question 31

_________ are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells using ______ and remove the invaders or their debris by ______

Answer 31

neutrophils; chemotaxis; phagocytosis

Question 32

Contain glycogen and can survive in anaerobic environment

Answer 32

Neutrophils

Question 33

Largo beloved nucleus; has specific granules that typically stain pink or red

Answer 33

Eosinophils

Question 34

Eosinophil specific granules contain _____ _____ proteins that have cytotoxic effects on parasites

Answer 34

Major basic proteins (MBP)

Question 35

Eosinophils have an important role in the __________ response triggered by allergies

Answer 35

Inflammatory

Question 36

The nucleus is divide into two irregular lobes, but the specific granules overlying the nucleus usually obscure its shape

Answer 36

Basophils

Question 37

Their specific granules can contain heparin, histamine

Answer 37

Basophils

Question 38

Heparin is a ________ and histamine is an __________ mediator

Answer 38

Anticoagulant; inflammation

Question 39

By migrating into _____ tissue, basophils supplement the functions of _____ cells

Answer 39

Connective; mast

Question 40

Most numerous type of agranulocytes; spherical nuclei; smallest leukocytes

Answer 40

Lymphocytes

Question 41

Have diverse roles in immune defenses against invading microorganisms

Answer 41

Lymphocytes

Question 42

Can travel between the blood, tissues, and Lymph system and back; can live from a few days to years

Answer 42

Lymphocytes

Question 43

Are precursors cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

Answer 43

Monocytes

Question 44

Largest leukocytes and have nuclei that are indented or kidney-shaped

Answer 44

Monocytes

Question 45

Another name for blood platelets

Answer 45

Thrombocytes

Question 46

Non-nucleated, membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Answer 46

Thrombocytes

Question 47

____ promote blood clotting (_______) and help repair minor tears and leaks in walls of blood vessels

Answer 47

Platelets; thrombin

Question 48

Lightly stained, peripheral region of platelets

Answer 48

Hyalomere

Question 49

Heavily stained, central zone rich in granules

Answer 49

Granulomere

Question 50

The open _________ system and _______ system facilitate the rapid exocytosis of proteins from platelets upon adhesion to collagen outside the vascular endothelium

Answer 50

Canalicular; tubular

Question 51

______ in the platelet membrane adhere to _______ in the vascular basal lamina or wall, allowing a platelet _____ to form

Answer 51

Integrins; collagen; plug

Question 52

_____ converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 52

Thrombin