Chapter 12: Blood Flashcards
Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called ______
Plasma
____ _____ that circulate in the plasma are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Formed elements
Percentage of total volume of erythrocytes in the blood
Hematocrit
Is used to distribute oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and heat
Blood
Nutrients, respiratory gases,nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called _______
Electrolytes
Made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood; most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
__- and __-________ made by the liver, transport factors like lipid, iron, and metal ions; groups of large globular proteins
α- and β-globulins
Plasma protein that are antibodies with various immune functions
γ-globulins (immunoglobulins)
Plasma glycoprotein which polymerizes during clotting; made in liver
Fibrinogen
Soluble fibrinogen turns into insoluble ______
Fibrin
Helps the antibody-antigen system in removing pathogens; enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, attracting macrophages and neutrophils, and rupturing membranes of foreign cells
Complement proteins
Is the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved
Water (~92% of plasma)
All _____ proteins serve to buffer against pH changes
Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)
terminally differentiated structures , lacking nuclei and mitochondria, and completely filled with hemoglobin
erythrocytes
the biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides a large _____-to-_____ ratio and facilitates gas exchange
surface-to-volume
an ion channel integral protein, that is crucial for CO2 uptake; binds to the cell cytoskeleton
band 3 protein
integral protein important for cytoskeletal attachment
glycophorins
the glycosylated extracellular domains of the integral proteins include _____ sites that form the basis for the ABO blood typing system
antigenic
dimers of which forma lattice bound to underlying actin filaments; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane
spectrin
anchors the spectrin lattice to the glycophorins and band 3 proteins; peripheral membrane on inner surface of membrane
ankyrin
tetrameric oxygen-carrying protein; porphyrin ring containing iron
hemoglobin
______ ____ is substituted by _____ which causes sickle cell
glutamic acid; valine
key players in the defense against invading microorganisms and tissue repair and immunity
leukocytes
leukocytes become ______ and _____ after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues
amoeboid; motile
granulocytes possess two major types of abundant cytoplasmic granules: ___________ granules and _________ granules
azurophilic; specific
another name for azurophilic granules
lysosomes
granulocytes have ________ nuclei with two or more distinct lobes
polymorphic
most granulocytes undergo ______ in the ________ tissue, as they only live a few days
apoptosis; connective
lack specific granules but do contain lysosomes; nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated
agranulocytes
neutrophils are ___-___ μm in diameter, with multilobed nuclei having __ to ___ lobes
12-15; two to five
_________ are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells using ______ and remove the invaders or their debris by ______
neutrophils; chemotaxis; phagocytosis
Contain glycogen and can survive in anaerobic environment
Neutrophils
Largo beloved nucleus; has specific granules that typically stain pink or red
Eosinophils
Eosinophil specific granules contain _____ _____ proteins that have cytotoxic effects on parasites
Major basic proteins (MBP)
Eosinophils have an important role in the __________ response triggered by allergies
Inflammatory
The nucleus is divide into two irregular lobes, but the specific granules overlying the nucleus usually obscure its shape
Basophils
Their specific granules can contain heparin, histamine
Basophils
Heparin is a ________ and histamine is an __________ mediator
Anticoagulant; inflammation
By migrating into _____ tissue, basophils supplement the functions of _____ cells
Connective; mast
Most numerous type of agranulocytes; spherical nuclei; smallest leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Have diverse roles in immune defenses against invading microorganisms
Lymphocytes
Can travel between the blood, tissues, and Lymph system and back; can live from a few days to years
Lymphocytes
Are precursors cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
Monocytes
Largest leukocytes and have nuclei that are indented or kidney-shaped
Monocytes
Another name for blood platelets
Thrombocytes
Non-nucleated, membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Thrombocytes
____ promote blood clotting (_______) and help repair minor tears and leaks in walls of blood vessels
Platelets; thrombin
Lightly stained, peripheral region of platelets
Hyalomere
Heavily stained, central zone rich in granules
Granulomere
The open _________ system and _______ system facilitate the rapid exocytosis of proteins from platelets upon adhesion to collagen outside the vascular endothelium
Canalicular; tubular
______ in the platelet membrane adhere to _______ in the vascular basal lamina or wall, allowing a platelet _____ to form
Integrins; collagen; plug
_____ converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
