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Histology > Chapter 2: Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Are the basic structural and functional unit of multicellular organisms

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains organelles, fibers (cytoskeleton), and inclusions (carbohydrates, lipids, pigments)

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3
Q

Cytosol

A

Is a fluid component (gel-like) that contains enzymes, electrolytes, sugars, amino acids, gases, etc.; surrounds the nucleus and organelles

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4
Q

Embryoblast

A

Aka Inner cell mass - a structure in the early development of an embryo

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5
Q

Blastomere

A

Produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization

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6
Q

Plasma membrane (plasmalemma)

A

Is made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and oligosaccharides covalently linked to phospholipids or proteins

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7
Q

Phospholipid

A

Contains a polar hydrophilic head group and two nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid chains

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8
Q

7.5-10 nm

A

Plasma membrane width is between __-__ nm; not visible in the LM

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9
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Has a trilaminar structure and is amphipathic

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10
Q

Integral protein

A

A protein that is embedded deep within the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Peripheral protein

A

A protein that is shallow or attached outside of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Heterogenicity

A

When membranes differ in their protein make up

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13
Q

Integral proteins

A

Globular proteins with hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions (one pass or multi pass transmembrane proteins)

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14
Q

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

A

Part of cell recognition, cell adhesion, carbohydrate regions/moieties (external surface only); the glycocalyx

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15
Q

Roles of membrane proteins

A

Pumps i.e. ion channels (active transport); channel proteins (entry/exit); receptors (recognition and binding); transducers; structural (cell to cell junctions)

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16
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Are synthesized in the RER and modified and completed in the Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Glycosylation

A

The process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule, typically proteins and lipid; occurs in the golgi

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of particles such as bacteria or dead cell remnants; macrophages and neutrophils are blood-derives cells that specialize in this

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19
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking; involves smaller invaginations of cell membrane which fuse and entrap extracellular fluid and its dissolved contents

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20
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by cell

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21
Q

Clathrin

A

electron-dense coating on the cytoplasmic surface, contains an abundance of the protein ________

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22
Q

Cilia

A

short, numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules

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23
Q

Cilia

A

move substances over the cell surface

24
Q

Flagellum

A

long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules

25
Q

Flagellum

A

propels sperm

26
Q

Microvilli

A

numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface

27
Q

Microvilli

A

increase membrane surface area for greater absorption

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

functions in synthesis of ribosomes

29
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive interconnected membrane network; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

30
Q

RER

A

modifies, transports, and store proteins produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted, become components of the plasma membrane or serve as enzymes of lysosomes

31
Q

SER

A

synthesizes, transports, and store lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes

31
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

34
Q

Vesicles

A

transport cellular material

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the golgi apparatus; contains digestive enzymes

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

digest microbes or cellular materials

37
Q

Peroxisomes

A

smaller, spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes

38
Q

Peroxisomes

A

detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell; use 02 to remove H+

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells; participates in cell division; facilitates movement

41
Q

Microfilaments

A

actin protein monomers organized into two thin, intertwined protein filaments(actin filaments)

42
Q

Microfilaments

A

maintain cell shape; support microvilli; participate in muscle contraction; separate two cells during cytokinesis

43
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide structural support; stabilize junctions between cells

44
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow cylinders composed of tubulin proteins; contains 13 units

45
Q

Microtubules

A

maintain cell shape and rigidity; support cilia and flagella; organize and move organelles

46
Q

Centrosome

A

organizes microtubules(centrioles); participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

47
Q

Proteasomes

A

degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins

48
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

keratins, vimentin, neurofilaments, and lamins are all ______

49
Q

Keratins

A

major component of epithelial cells; strength and abrasion resistance;

50
Q

Vimentin

A

found in most cells derived from embryonic mesenchyme; most common IF proteins

51
Q

Desmin

A

structural components of the sarcomeres (basic contractile nit of muscle fiber)

52
Q

Neurofilaments

A

IF of neurons

53
Q

Lamins

A

Intermediate filaments of the nucleus

54
Q

Cell inclusions

A

not organelles and have very little metabolic activity; serve as temporary storage for cellular moelcules

55
Q

Cell inclusions

A

lipid droplets and glycogen granules are ______

Histology (12 decks)

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