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Histology > Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Contains epithelia, connective, and nervous tissue; composed of cells that optimize the universal cell property of contractility

A

Muscle tissue

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2
Q

the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations; quick voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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4
Q

cross-striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated discs; rhythmic involuntary contractions

A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

consists of collections of fusiform cells, which lack striations and have slow, involuntary contractions

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

the cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

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7
Q

the smooth ER of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

the muscle cell membrane and its external lamina

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q

During embryonic muscle development, mesenchymal _____ fuse, forming _____ with many nuclei. Then the further differentiate to form ____ muscle fibers

A

myoblasts; myotubes; striated

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10
Q

elongated nuclei are found peripherally just under the _______, a nuclear location unique to skeletal muscle fibers/cells

A

sarcolemma

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11
Q

a small population of reserve progenitor cells

A

muscle satellite cells

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12
Q

an external sheath of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds entire muscle; carries large nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

A

epimysium

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13
Q

thin connective tissue layer that immediately surrounds each fascicle

A

perimysium

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14
Q

bundle of muscle fibers that make up a functional unit

A

fascicle

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15
Q

very thin layer of reticular fibers and scattered fibroblasts; surrounds the external lamina of individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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16
Q

___________ is an increase in the size of the cells, while _______ is an increase inn the number of cells

A

hypertrophy; hyperplasia

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17
Q

______ in these connective tissue layers of muscle serve to transmit the mechanical forces generated by the contracting muscle cells/fibers

A

collagens

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18
Q

______ CT layer becomes the tendon

A

epimysium

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19
Q

________ junctions which join the muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle

A

myotendinous

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20
Q

long cylindrical filament bundles; run parallel to the long axis of the fiber

A

myofibrils

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21
Q

the dark bands on the myofibrils; anisotropic or birefringent in polarized light

A

A bands

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22
Q

the light bands on the myofibrils; isotropic or doesn’t alter polarized light

A

I bands

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23
Q

each I band is bisected by a dark transverse line called ____

A

Z disc

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24
Q

the repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus; extends from Z disc to Z disc

A

sacromere

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25
Q

each H band is bisected by a dark transverse line called ____

A

M line

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26
Q

narrow, less dense region of A band

A

H zone

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27
Q

Th A and I banding pattern in sarcomeres is due mainly to the regular arrangement of thick and thin ________

A

myofilaments

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28
Q

thick myofilaments are ________ and think myofilaments are _____

A

myosin; F-actin

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29
Q

large complex with two identical heavy chains and two pairs (4 in total) of light chains

A

myosin

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30
Q

the myosin heads bind both actins, forming transient crossbridges between the thick and thin filaments, and ATP, catalyzing energy release

A

actomyosin ATPase activity

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31
Q

thin, helical filaments that run between the thick filaments

A

actin

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32
Q

the thin filaments have two tightly associated regulatory proteins _____ and ______

A

tropomyosin and troponin

33
Q

a long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands

A

tropomyosin

34
Q

a complex of three subunits: TnT, TnC, and TnI; attach at specific sites regularly spaced along each tropomyosin molecule

A

troponin

35
Q

subunit of troponin which attaches to tropomyosin

A

TnT

36
Q

subunit of troponin which binds calcium

A

TnC

37
Q

subunit of troponin which regulates the actin-myosin interaction

A

TnI

38
Q

actin filaments are anchored perpendicularly on the Z disc by the actin-binding protein ____

A

α-actinin

39
Q

accessory protein in I bands which support the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc

A

titin

40
Q

bisecting the H zone is the M line, containing a myosin-binding protein _____ that holds the thick filaments in place

A

myomesin

41
Q

contain pumps and other proteins for calcium storage and surrounds the myofibrils

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

calcium release from __________ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternae

43
Q

trigger calcium release from SER and produce uniform contraction of all myofibrils, the sarcolemma has ___________

A

transverse or T-tubules

44
Q

long fingerlike invaginations of the cell membrane penetrate deeply into the sarcoplasm and encircle each myofibril

A

T-tubules

45
Q

adjacent to each T-tubule are expanded _____ ____ of SER

A

terminal cisternae

46
Q

complex of a T-tubule with two cisternae; present in skeletal muscle

A

a triad

47
Q

In a resting muscle, the myosin heads _____ bind actin because the binding sites are blocked by the _______-_______ complex on the F-actin filaments

A

cannot; troponin-tropomyosin

48
Q

_____ ions bind troponin, causing a conformational change moving tropomyosin, exposing the ____-binding active sites

A

calcium; myosin

49
Q

binding _____ causes myosin to pull thin the filaments farther into the __ band

A

actin; A band

50
Q

energy for the myosin head pivot that pulls actin is provided by ______ of ATP bound to the myosin heads, after which myosin binds another ____ and detached from actin

A

hydrolysis; ATP

51
Q

in the absence of ATP, the myosin head will stay permanently bound to the actin filament called

A

rigor mortis

52
Q

enclose the small axon branches and cover their points of contact with the muscle cells

A

Schwann cells

53
Q

the external ________ of the Schwann cell fuses with that of the ______

A

lamina; sarcolemma

54
Q

a chemical synapse that connects a motor neuron to a muscle fiber

A

motor end plates (MEPs)

55
Q

among the muscle fascicles are stretch detectors known as

A

muscle spindles

56
Q

encapsulated by modified perimysium, containing intrafusal fibers

A

muscle spindle

57
Q

few thin muscle fibers filled with nuclei

A

intrafusal fibers

58
Q

smaller encapsulated structures that enclose sensory axons penetrating among the collagen bundles at the myotendinous junction

A

Golgi tendon organs

59
Q

detect increases in tension; inhibit motor nerve activity if force becomes excessive

A

Golgi tendon organs

60
Q

Different types of fibers can be identified on the basis of (1) their maximal rate of _________ (___ or __ fibers) and (2) their major pathway for ____ synthesis (_____ _____ or _____)

A

contraction; fast or slow; ATP; oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis

61
Q

Fast vs slow rate of fiber contraction are due largely to _____ isoforms with different maximal rates of ATP _______

A

myosin; hydrolysis

62
Q

a globular sarcoplasmic protein similar to hemoglobin that contains iron atoms and allows for O2 storage

A

myoglobin

63
Q

During embryonic development, mesenchyme cells around the primitive heart tube align into _____ arrays

A

chainlike

64
Q

form complex junctions between interdigitating processes

A

cardiac muscle cells

65
Q

each ______ muscle cell usually has only one nucleus and is centrally located

A

cardiac

66
Q

transverse lines that cross the fibers at irregular intervals where the myocardial cells join

A

intercalated discs

67
Q

_________ and fascia __________ junctions together provide strong intercellular adhesions (cells attach to other cells)

A

desmosomes and adherens

68
Q

_____ junctions provide ionic continuity between the cardiac muscle cells; electrical synapses

A

gap

69
Q

the major fuel of the heart

A

fatty acids/triglycerides

70
Q

complex of a T-tubule with
a cisternae; present in cardiac muscle

A

a dyad

71
Q

specialized for slow, steady contraction under the influence of autonomic nerves and various hormones

A

smooth muscle

72
Q

this type of muscle is a major component of blood vessels and of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

fibers of _____ muscle are elongated, tapering, and unstriated cells with single, central nucleus

A

smooth

74
Q

each ____ muscle cell is enclosed by an external lamina and a network of type I and III collagen fibers comprising the endomysium

A

smooth

75
Q

_____ muscle has rudimentary sarcoplasmic reticulum and no T-tubule system

A

smooth

76
Q

in smooth muscle cells, bundles of thin and thick myofilaments _______ the sarcoplasm slanted

A

crisscross

77
Q

thin filaments of smooth muscle lack _________ and have tropomyosin that doesn’t cover ____ sites

A

troponin; binding

78
Q

In smooth muscle cells, _______a acts like troponin and myosin _____-chain _____ acts like tropomyosin

A

calmodulin; myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)

79
Q

contain α-actinin and are functionally like Z disc of striated and cardiac muscle

A

dense bodies

Histology (12 decks)

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