Chapter 9- Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Hunger-driven desire for energy-rich fat and sugar have “______” roots
Evolutionary
The hormone “______” involves hunger-arousing hormones secreted by an empty stomach
Ghrelin
The “______” theory states that humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels. High arousal levels motivate behavior that will lower those levels, vice versa.
Arousal theory
Social bonds and cooperation have “______” value?
Survival
Food variety promotes “______”
Eating
Preferences for sweet and salty tastes are “______” and “______”
Genetic and universal
“_____” is sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Glucose
There are two-different pathways for the brain to “______” sensory input.
Process
Happiness, enthusiasm and energy is found on this side of the frontal lobe
The left
Environmental stimuli that attract or repel, depending on individual learning histories
Incentive
“_____” are adaptive responses that support survival
Emotions
Schachter and Singer’s theory that to experience emotion we must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Two factor theory
A basic bodily requirement
Physiological need
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures some bodily responses (such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing) accompanying emotion.
Polygraph
Depression and general negativity is located on this side of the frontal lobe
The right
An emotion theory that states that arousal comes before emotion. Experience of emotion involves awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange Theory
The point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
Set point
Arousal from one event to the next influences a response
Spillover effect
Is it true that obesity has doubled since 1980 and there are now 1.46 billion adults now overweight?
True
Behaving in a certain way can awaken emotions
Behavior feedback effect
Outward expressions and movements can trigger inner feeling and emotions
Facial feedback effect
This disease has health risks of a shortened life, reduced quality of life and increased health care costs
Obesity
The body’s resting rate of energy output
Basal metabolic rate
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need
Drive-reduction theory
According to this Psychologist, brain processes much information without conscious awareness but mental functioning still takes place. Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous
Lazarus
Does the presence of others amplify natural behavior tendencies?
Yes
Hormone triggering hunger that is secreted by the Hypothalamus
Orexin
Digestive tract hormone that send “i’m not hungry” signals to the brain
PYY
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Motivation
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) bodily arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
Emotion
According to this Psychologist, sometimes emotional response takes a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to the Amygdala
Zajonc
The theory that arousal and emotion happen at the same time. That arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Homeostasis
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs, these basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and than psychological needs, become active
Hierarchy of needs
Hormone secreted by pancreas to control blood glucose
Insulin
Is acceptability of food culturally influenced or genetic?
Culturally influrenced
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Facial feedback effect
Pumps appetite-suppressing hormones
Arcuate nucleus
“______” is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Leptin
Does Chemistry and environment play a role in feelings of hunger and taste preferences?
Yes
One way that the brain takes to process sensory input is that the input travels to the “_____” to be analyzed and then to the “_____”
Cortex . . . Amygdala
One way that the brain takes to process sensory input is to have input travel directly “_____” to the Amygdala
Directly
