Chapter 13- Psychological Disorders Flashcards
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
psychological disorder
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
medical model
the American psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
DSM-5
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
anxiety disorders
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, followed by worry about a possible next attack
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
phobia
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feelings, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
substance use disorder
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
psychoactive drug
with repeated use, the desired effect requires larger doses
tolerance
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known harmful consequences
addiction
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
withdrawal
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions
depressants
(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
alcohol use disorder
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
amphetamines
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
nicotine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Hallucinogens
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
LSD
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
mood disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest of pleasure
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic- depressive disorder.)
bipolar disorder
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
mania
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression
schizophrenia
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders
delusions
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder
a disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings
dissociative disorder
a controversial, rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. formally called multiple personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
an inflexible and enduring behavior pattern that impairs social functioning
personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
antisocial personality disorder
