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General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced > Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron

A

Synapse

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3
Q

Neuron that carries incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system

A

Sensory neuron

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4
Q

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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5
Q

Posterior part of the brain that deals with a automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

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6
Q

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

Insomnia

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7
Q

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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8
Q

Neurotransmitter that deals with mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

A

Serotonin

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9
Q

Cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

Somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

Part of the brain that deals with emotion

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

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12
Q

Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

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14
Q

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

A

Biological psychology

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15
Q

Hearing

A

Temporal lobe

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16
Q

Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

A

Dream

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17
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

Nervous systems

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18
Q

Failure to notice changes when our attention is disrupted

A

Change blindness

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19
Q

False sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory stimulus

A

Hallucination

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20
Q

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity. These show brain function

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

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21
Q

The brain and spinal cord makes up the

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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22
Q

The gap between two neurons

A

Synapse

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23
Q

A nerve impulse

A

Action potential

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24
Q

Directs sensory messages

A

thalamus

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25
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
26
Part of the brain that deals with planning and producing of movement
Basal ganglia
27
Failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
28
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Neuron
29
Failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
30
A sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeated stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath
Sleep apnea
31
Chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neuron activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiate
32
Thinking
Frontal lobe
33
Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Alpha waves
34
Failure to notice changes in the environment
Change blindness
35
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
Manifest content
36
Peripheral nervous system division controlling the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system
Somatic nervous system
37
Autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy
Parasympathetic nervous system
38
Neurotransmitter that affects arousal and alertness
Norepinephrine
39
Cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements
Motor cortex
40
Touch
Parietal lobe
41
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
REM rebound
42
Area of the brain that is dominated by neurons' cell bodies
Gray matter
43
Cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
Association areas
44
The sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
45
The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Plasticity
46
Internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Circadian rhythm
47
Most influential endocrine gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
48
Neuron that carries outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
Motor neuron
49
Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action
Acetylcholine
50
Area of the brain that consists mostly of axons and fatty myelin sheaths that surround them
White matter
51
Neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or cells
Axon
52
natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
endorphins
53
The body's "slow" chemical communication system
Endocrine
54
Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Nerves
55
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs
Interneuron
56
Condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers of the corpus callosum
Split brain
57
Periodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
Sleep
58
Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
Limbic system
59
Neurotransmitter that deals with movement, learning and attention
Dopamine
60
Information- processing center
Cerebral cortex
61
Neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapse to carry messages to other neurons or cells
Neurotransmitters
62
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.
Glial cells
63
Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Sympathetic nervous system
64
Peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
65
Formation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
66
A view of brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
67
Certain hemisphere of the brain that is dominant for spatial relationships
Right hemisphere
68
A neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
All-or-nothing response
69
The part of the brain that controls the heartbeat and breathing
medulla
70
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
Latent content
71
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Delta waves
72
Neurotransmitter that inhibits
GABA
73
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissues
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
74
Neurotransmitter that excites
Glutamate
75
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
76
Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Corpus callosum
77
Device that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface
EEG (electroencephalograph)
78
Vision
Occipital lobe
79
Directs maintenance activities
Hypothalamus
80
Coordinating movement
Cerebellum
81
Certain hemisphere of the brain that is dominant for language
Left hemisphere
82
A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
Reflex
83
Pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in time of stress
Adrenal glands

General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced (15 decks)

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