Chapter 7- Memory Flashcards
Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time
Relearning
The process of getting information into the memory system
Encoding
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Priming
What type of memories are memories of physical skills
Implicit memories
Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time
Spacing effect
This part of the brain plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning. Also deals with implicit memory formation
Cerebellum
Memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Processes important, focused information
Working memory
This part of the brain helps form memories for physical skills. Also deals with implicit memory formation
Basal Ganglia
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Proactive interference
An anchor point for pathways to memories suspended in the web of associations in our brain
Retrieval cue
Sensory memory persists about one-third of a second then quickly fades away according to what Psychologist
George Sperling
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten
Short-term memory
A method to help us think about how the brain forms and retrieves memories
Information-processing models
A type of memory that is improved when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
Context-dependent memory
Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonics
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Memory
Unless rehearsed, verbal information can be quickly forgotten
Short-term memory decay
Retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness (also called nondeclarative memory)
Implicit memory
Reducing information into meaningful units that are easier to remember
Chunking
Muscle memory
Procedural
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
Lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms
Memory trace
Memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve. (also called declarative memory)
Explicit memory
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety
Repression
Echoic memory
Auditory
Iconic memory
Visual
Unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as a space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Automatic processing
An increase in a synapse’s firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiply-choice test
Recognition
A neural center located in the Limbic system. Explicit memories for facts and episodes are processed here and fed to other brain regions for storage.
Hippocampus
Where priming memory is often helped by returning to the context of the experience
Context effects
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Long-term memory
When a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
Misinformation effect
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Sensory memory
Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recall
A type of practice that utilizes the spacing effect and produces speedy, short term learning and feelings of confidence
Massive practice
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
Source amnesia
Producing an idea you think is original but is actually something you forgot you learned previously
Cryptomnesia
That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Deja vu
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Serial position effect
A type of practice that utilizes the spacing effect and produces better long-term recall
Distributed practice
A type of memory that is associated to autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated or conjured
Episodic memory
Forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time
Storage decay
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Storage
This part of the brain deals strictly with emotion-related memory formation
Amygdala
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
Literally “without memory”- a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease
Amnesia
The disruptive effect of new learning on a recall of old information
Retroactive interference
A type of amnesia where conscious memory of the first 3 years is blank
Infantile amnesia
A type of memory that is a part of LTM and is responsible for motor skills
Procedural memories
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood
Mood-congruent memory
Encoding is very effective under this repetitive method
Testing effect
