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General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced > Chapter 1- Psychology's roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tool > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Psychology's roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tool Flashcards

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1
Q

Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

Wrote ‘The principles of psychology’

A

William James

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3
Q

Founder of the Psycho-dynamic approach/ study of unconsciousness

A

Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

Founder of behaviorism

A

John Watson

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5
Q

Major pioneer in behaviorism

A

B. F. Skinner

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6
Q

Cofounders of Humanism

A

Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow

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7
Q

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologist today agree with (1) but not (2)

A

Behaviorism

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8
Q

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

A

Humanistic psychology

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9
Q

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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10
Q

The science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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11
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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12
Q

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

A

Biopsychosocial approach

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13
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next

A

Culture

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14
Q

The age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

A

Nature-nurture issue

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15
Q

The principle that, at the same time, our mind processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

Dual processing

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16
Q

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

A

Positive psychology

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17
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it

A

Hindsight bias

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18
Q

An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

A

Theory

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19
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

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20
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

A

Operational definition

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21
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

A

Replication

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22
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

A

Case study

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23
Q

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation

A

Naturalistic observation

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24
Q

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group

A

Survey

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25
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population)

A

Population

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26
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random sample

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27
Q

A measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other

A

Correlation

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28
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors. The slope of the dots suggests the direction of the relationship between the two factors. How much the dots are scattered suggests the strength of the correlation

A

Scatterplot

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29
Q

A method in which researchers vary one or more independent variables to see its effect(s) on the dependent variable

A

Experiment

30
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

A

Random assignment

31
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment

A

Experimental group

32
Q

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment. This group serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment

A

Control group

33
Q

An inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group

A

Placebo

34
Q

A procedure in which participants and research staff are blind about who has received the treatment or a placebo

A

Double-blind procedure

35
Q

Results caused by expectations alone

A

Placebo effect

36
Q

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

37
Q

In an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

A

Confounding variable

38
Q

In an experiment, the factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

A

Dependent variable

39
Q

Giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

A

Informed consent

40
Q

After an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study’s purpose and any deceptions researcher used.

A

Debriefing

41
Q

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple rereading, information. also sometimes called the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

A

Testing effect

42
Q

A study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review

A

SQ3R

43
Q

A fair set of research procedures agreed on by the scientific community, and findings must endure, or be replicated over time

A

Scientific verification

44
Q

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

A

Contexts

45
Q

As open to change in response to influential experiences

A

Plasticity

46
Q

Affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological and social forces

A

Multidimensional

47
Q

A joint expression of growth and decline

A

Multidirectional

48
Q

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

A

Resilience

49
Q

The conscious, rational part of the personality which emerges in early infancy to redirect the ID’s impulses into acceptable behaviors

A

Ego

50
Q

The largest portion of the mind, the source of basic biological needs and desires

A

ID

51
Q

The conscience. This develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

A

Superego

52
Q

Consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behavior and increase desirable responses

A

Behavior modification

53
Q

A perspective where the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

A

Information processing perspective

54
Q

A time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

A

Sensitive period

55
Q

Researchers use a flexible conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view

A

Clinical interview

56
Q

This includes both tests and questionnaires in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way

A

Structured interviews

57
Q

A descriptive, qualitative technique that is directed toward understanding a culture of a distinct social group through participant observation

A

Ethnography

58
Q

Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development

A

Correlational design

59
Q

A number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other

A

Correlation coefficient

60
Q

Participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older

A

Longitudinal design

61
Q

Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

A

Cross-sectional design

62
Q

Researchers conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies

A

Sequential designs

63
Q

Committees with the purpose to check and hold researchers to a code of ethical integrity

A

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

64
Q

Systematically questioning and evaluating information using well-supported evidence

A

Critical thinking

65
Q

A systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts

A

Introspection

66
Q

Coined by William James that describes a person’s continuous series of ever-changing thoughts

A

Stream of consciousness

67
Q

An approach to Psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function of mind and behavior

A

Functionalism

68
Q

A view of the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behaviors

A

Evolutionary theory

69
Q

As randomly mutated genes are passed along from generation to generation, species change over time

A

Adaptation

70
Q

Mutations that facilitate survival and reproduction are passed along

A

Natural selection

71
Q

Species that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

Survival of the fittest

72
Q

Researcher has joined a group in order to observe from within

A

Participant observation

General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced (15 decks)

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