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General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced > Chapter 8- Thinking, Language, and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

A

Concept

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3
Q

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem.

A

Algorithm

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4
Q

A simple thinking strategy that often allows you to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

A

Heuristic

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5
Q

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy- based solutions

A

Insight

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6
Q

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them

A

Confirmation bias

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7
Q

The inability to see a problem form a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

A

Fixation

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8
Q

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

Intuition

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9
Q

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if an event comes readily to mind (perhaps because it was vivid), we assume it must be common

A

Availability heuristic

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10
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

A

Overconfidence

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11
Q

Clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong

A

Belief perseverance

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12
Q

The way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments

A

Framing

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13
Q

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

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14
Q

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

Convergent thinking

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15
Q

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

A

Divergent thinking

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16
Q

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

A

Language

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17
Q

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

A

Babbling stage

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18
Q

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

A

One- word stage

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19
Q

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two- word statements

A

Two word stage

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20
Q

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs

A

Telegraphic speech

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21
Q

In a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

Grammar

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22
Q

Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

A

Broca’s area

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23
Q

Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

24
Q

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

Intelligence

25
Q

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearmen and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

A

General intelligence

26
Q

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptionally specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

A

Savant syndrome

27
Q

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

A

Emotional intelligence

28
Q

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Benet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus, a child who does as well as an average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8

A

Mental age

29
Q

The widely used American revision (by Terman at Standford University) of Binet’s orginal intelligence test

A

Standford- Binet

30
Q

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ= ma/ca X 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

31
Q

The most widely use intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

A

Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale (WAIS)

32
Q

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

A

Standardization

33
Q

The bell-shape curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

A

Normal curve

34
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

A

Reliability

35
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

36
Q

The portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the population and the environment

A

Heritability

37
Q

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

Cross-sectional study

38
Q

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

Longitudinal study

39
Q

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

Crystallized intelligence

40
Q

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

Fluid intelligence

41
Q

A self-confirming concern that we will be judged based on a negative stereotype

A

Stereotype threat

42
Q

Decisions based on stereotypes or how similar something or someone is to something we already know about

A

Representativeness Heuristic

43
Q

Mental image or best example of a category

A

Prototypes

44
Q

Intelligence consists of multiple abilities that come in different packages

A

Gardner’s 8 intelligences

45
Q

Naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, musical, bodily-kinesthetic and spatial

A

Gardner’s 8 intelligences

46
Q

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

A

Sternberg’s 3 intelligences

47
Q

Individuals with severe intellectual deficits but exceptional abilities in some cognitive area

A

Savants

48
Q

Method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

A

Intelligence test

49
Q

Test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

A

Aptitude test

50
Q

Test designed to assess what a person has learned

A

Achievement test

51
Q

Was the test standardized? Was the test reliable? Was the test valid?

A

3 tests of a “good” test

52
Q

Are gender differences in intelligence test scores minor?

A

Yes

53
Q

Do social expectations and opportunities matter?

A

Yes

54
Q

Is there little or a great gender math gap found in gender-equal cultures?

A

Little

55
Q

Races are more “____” than different

A

Alike

56
Q

Is it possible to conclude that race has any bearing on intelligence?

A

It is impossible

General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced (15 decks)

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