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Psychology 200 > Chapter 9: Language and Thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language and Thought Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

a set of symbols used to communicate

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2
Q

what are two components of language?

A

language production and language comprehension

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3
Q

language production

A

the structured and conventional expression of thought through words

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4
Q

speech

A

the expression of language through sounds

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5
Q

language comprehension

A

the process of understanding spoken, written, or signed language

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6
Q

what four areas is the study of speech divided?

A

phonology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

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7
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sounds in a language; an individual sound such as ba, da, ta; associate with PHONOLOGY

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8
Q

phonology

A

the study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language

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9
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest units of language that convey meaning; associate with SEMANTICS

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10
Q

semantics

A

the study of how meaning in language is constructed of individual words and sentences

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11
Q

lexical meaning

A

dictionary meaning of a word (can change over time); associate with SYNTAX

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12
Q

syntax

A

the system for using words (semantics) and word order (grammar) to convey meaning

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13
Q

pragmatics

A

the practical aspects of language usage, including speech pace, gesturing, and body language

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14
Q

non-verbal communication

A

body language; associate with PRAGMATICS

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15
Q

what are the two stages in the first 2-4 months of life?

A

prevocal learning (babies perceive and distinguish phonemes) and cooing (non-crying vocalization)

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16
Q

babbling (6 months)

A

meaningless production of sounds, allows baby to experiment with vocalizations

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17
Q

first words at spoken after about….

A

1 year - ability to comprehend is greater than ability to speak

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18
Q

telegraphic speech (2 years)

A

speech that consists of minimalistic sentences; grammatical morphemes are dropped (words not necessary for meaning of the spoken phrase)

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19
Q

pragmatics (3 years)

A

acquired practical info about language use

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20
Q

grammar (4 years)

A

automatically absorbed many of the rules of grammar

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21
Q

early capacity for language learning may signal presence of:

A

a language acquisition device in the brain

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22
Q

there is a debate between presence of a:

A

critical and sensitive period of language learning

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23
Q

critical period

A

a window of time in development during which certain influences are NECESSARY for appropriate formation of the brain

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24
Q

sensitive period

A

a point in development during which the brain is more SUSCEPTIBLE to influences

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25
Q

an interactive theory of language suggests that:

A

experience interacts with biological development to guide and enhance language learning

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26
Q

child-directed speech

A

speech characterized by exaggerated emotional responses and a slower pace that is cross-culturally common among caregivers communicating with babies and young children

27
Q

overregularization

A

the process by which elementary school children over-apply newly learned grammatical rules to improperly “correct” an irregular part of speech, such as a verb (eg. thinked instead of thought)

28
Q

there are two systems involved in language acquisition:

A

a system that is automatic and and a system that requires conscious attention (explicit learning)

29
Q

language production and comprehension is typically located in which hemisphere of the brain?

A

left

30
Q

Broca’s area

A

a brain region located in the frontal lobe that is important for speech production

31
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a neurological condition arising from damage to Broca’s area where the patient is unable to produce coherent speech

32
Q

aphasia refers to:

A

inability in either language production or comprehension

33
Q

agrammatism

A

a neurological condition arising from damage to a brain region just anterior to Broca’s area, where the patient is incapable of using words in a grammatical sequence

34
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain region located in the temporal lobe that is important for language comprehension

35
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a neurological condition associated with damage to Wernicke’s area where a person cannot understand language

36
Q

women tend to have stronger language skills and this may be because:

A

women are more likely to use both hemispheres of the brain to process information whereas men’s processing is more lateralized

37
Q

mental imagery

A

picturing things in your mind-conjuring internal visual representations of stored sensory input

38
Q

what are some forms of thinking that does not require language?

A

mental imagery and spatial-navigation thinking

39
Q

most of thinking involves:

A

language in combination with imagery

40
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

hypothesis suggesting that the vocabulary available for objects or concepts in a language influences how speakers of that language think about them

41
Q

the major aspect of the linguistic relativity hypothesis was disproved because:

A

ex. the number of colour words does not impact our visual perception of the colour. however some aspects have gained support

42
Q

having a simpler language structure means it is easier to:

A

acquire developmentally

43
Q

through acquiring a language, we also acquire:

A

a way of thinking about the world

44
Q

cognitive control

A

the ability to direct thought in accord with one’s intentions

45
Q

executive function

A

the brain’s ability to control and manage the mental processing of information

46
Q

dysexecutive syndrome

A

impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities (usually after damage to the frontal lobes)

47
Q

problem solving

A

determining how to reach a goal

48
Q

well-defined problems

A

easy to discern beginning and end states, ex. arithmetic

49
Q

ill-defined problems

A

goal is difficult to define in precise terms, ex. real life

50
Q

what are two types of strategies for problem solving?

A

algorithm and heuristics

51
Q

algorithm

A

a problem-solving solution that always leads to a solution

52
Q

heuristics

A

a shortcut thinking strategy (does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem)

53
Q

insight

A

solving a problem without intensive effort or concentration (a “eureka” moment)

54
Q

sudden solutions can occur following an ______

A

incubation period when the problem was mentally “set aside” for a period of time

55
Q

mental set

A

tendency to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past-can miss more effective, alternative strategies

56
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to view objects as having only one function

57
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to look for information that meets our expectations

58
Q

decision making

A

evaluating and choosing from among options

59
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the assumption that individuals share characteristics of the category of which they are a member

60
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging easily-recalled events as more common

61
Q

bounded rationality

A

the fact that in many situations, our ability to make clear rational decisions is limited or “bounded” by things like a lack of information, time constraints, or emotions attached to aspects of the problem we are trying to solve

62
Q

metacognition

A

the ability to understand and control one’s mental activities

63
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a mental disorder characterized by repeated, abnormal, anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours

64
Q

schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts lack of contact with reality, and sometimes hallucinations

Psychology 200 (13 decks)

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