Chapter 8: Memory Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory

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2
Q

decay theory

A

theory of forgetting suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long period of time

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3
Q

what disproves aspects of decay theory?

A

relearning shows faster speeds

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4
Q

describe the forgetting curve

A

rapid memory loss followed by stable retention of remaining info

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5
Q

interference theory

A

theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in

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6
Q

proactive interference

A

competing information that is learned before the forgotten material, preventing its subsequent recall: OLD INFO INTERFERES WITH NEW

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7
Q

retroactive interference

A

learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled information: NEW INFO INTERFERES WITH OLD

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8
Q

interference occurs only when…

A

old and new information conflict with one another

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9
Q

motivated forgetting could be the cause of avoiding….

A

retrieval cues, rehearsing, elaborating, organizing, and ultimately storing the information in memory

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10
Q

repression

A

the most basic defence mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind

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11
Q

what are three common reasons why we distort or manufacture memories?

A

source misattributions, exposures to misinformation, effect of imagination

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12
Q

source misattributions

A

remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true

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13
Q

exposures to misinformation

A

new information that is not accurate or misleading , can distort our recall or leads us to manufacture new memories

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14
Q

effect of imagination

A

our own imagination can lead us to recall events that never took place

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15
Q

generally, what is most involved in memory?

A

networks of neurons-however, certain brain areas are particularly important in the formation and retrieval of memories

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16
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

important brain structure located just behind the forehead and implicated in working memory

17
Q

hippocampus

A

essential for storing info temporarily before sending to various areas of neocortex for long term storage, activated when people recall info about facts and events

18
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation

19
Q

long term potentiation helps memories form and makes for easier ______

A

retrieval

20
Q

neural circuits that use ________ are more likely to display LTP

A

glutamate

21
Q

how is acetylcholine involved in memory?

A

plays a role in separating the encoding of new and retrieval of old memories, controls sleep/wake cycle which consolidates declarative memory

22
Q

infantile amnesia

A

inability to remember events from the early years of life

23
Q

prospective memory

A

ability to remember content in the future (ex. remembering to perform a future action)-declines with age

24
Q

retrospective memory

A

ability to remember content from the past

25
Q

organic memory disorder

A

physical causes of memory impairment can be identified

26
Q

amnestic disorder

A

organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary system

27
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event

28
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

29
Q

what is a probable cause of anterograde amnesia?

A

damage to temporal lobes or mammillary bodies; the areas that play a role in transferring info from working to long-term memory

30
Q

dementia

A

severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language

31
Q

dementia is most common in:

A

the elder population

32
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia, usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problems in language, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories

33
Q

what is a possible cause of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

larger formation of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and low levels of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and glutamate which also leads to cell death of neurons by plaque and tangle formation

34
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted protein fibres found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas

35
Q

senile plaques

A

sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain areas, as well as in some nearby blood vessels

36
Q

what causes increase in risk of dementia?

A

stroke in men and depression in women