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Psychology 200 > Chapter 3: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the methods used to study human neuroscience decades ago? (4)

A

Examining autopsy issue
Testing the behaviour of patients with damage to certain parts of the brain
Recording electrical brain activity through multiple electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
Animal studies

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2
Q

What is the leading idea of testing the behaviour of patients with damage to certain parts of the brain?

A

the inference is that brain function is localized,so loss of a particular function suggests what function that particular area of the brain is in charge of

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3
Q

event related potentials (ERP) can be analyzed to determine:

A

WHEN the event takes place

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4
Q

recording electrical brain activity is not ideal for identifying….

A

WHERE activity takes place because skull dilutes electrical signals

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5
Q

lesioning

A

targeting specific brain areas for destruction and observing the effects on behaviour

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6
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

delivers an electromagnetic pulse to a targeted brain area, disrupting localized brain activity in a conscious person

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7
Q

What is the main drawback of the methods in neuroscience used several decades ago?

A

It tells us little about activity in specific regions of healthy, living, human brains

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8
Q

neuroimaging

A

techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake human

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9
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)

A

produces clear, detailed, 2D X-ray images which can be computerized and combined to produce a 3D brain.
It is better at detecting problems and is faster to administer

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10
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses strong magnetic fields to produce images, computer creates a 3D image, produces clearer scans than CT and has no radiation effects.
It is better at detecting soft tissue injuries in tendons and ligaments, spinal cord and brain. It cannot be used if metal is present

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11
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

measures the orientation and integrity of white matter to assess damage in the brain, produces a colour map
useful for concussion

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12
Q

structural images do not enable researchers to:

A

identify brain regions that become active under specific conditions

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13
Q

functional neuroimaging tells us about:

A

activity in particular brain areas during specific behaviours

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14
Q

what are some methods to detect activities?

A

PET and fMRI

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15
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

harmless radioactive substance injected into a person’s blood, radiation detectors than scan the brain.
Active brain areas=more blood flow and higher amounts of radioactivity

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16
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

detects changes in blood flow (indicates changes in activity of neurons)
detects amount of oxygenated hemoglobin after a person is exposed to magnetic pulses
DOES NOT REQUIRE RADIATION, ABLE TO QUICKLY DETECT CHANGES IN BRAIN ACTIVITY

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17
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell

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18
Q

Networks

A

Neurons that work together in a group

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19
Q

Cell body

A

Received information from dendrites, and if enough stimulation is received the message is passed on to the axon

Contains the nucleus which contains genetic information and functions related to life occur

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons and sensory receptors

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21
Q

Axon

A

Carries the neuron’s message to the terminal buttons

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22
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Is a type of glial cell that covers segments of the axon to insulate and speed the neural impulses

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23
Q

Terminal buttons/axon terminal

A

Forms junctions withe other cells and release chemicals called neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Neurons can have many dendrites but have only one

A

Axon

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25
Q

What is another word for the branches of axons?

A

Collaterals

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26
Q

What are 2 things all neurons have in common?

A
  1. Covered by a specialized membrane that surrounds the entire neuron
  2. Capable of communicating with other cells by means of chemical and electrical signals
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27
Q

Glia

A

The cells that, in addition to neurons, make up the nervous system

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28
Q

What are some of the different kinds of glial cells (5)?

A

Astroglial, oligodendria, Schwann cells, epidymal cells, microglia

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29
Q

Functions of astroglial:

A

Blood-brain barrier, regulated flow of blood in areas of brain based on activity, absorb/clean up chemicals released by neighbouring neurons, provides growth-promoting molecules to neurons, forms a glial scar at sites of brain injury

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30
Q

Oligodendria (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) function:

A

Provides myelin: protective fatty sheath that insulates neurons from nearby neuronal activity and speeds up transmission of signals

31
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Specialized glia cells that line the walls of the ventricles (fluid filled space in the brain), creates and secretes cerebrospinal fluid

32
Q

Microglia

A

Important brain defence against infection/illness, cleans up debris of degenerating or dead neurons and glia

33
Q

resting potential

A

the electrical charge of a neuron when it is at rest (-70mV, negative on the inside relative to the outside)

34
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of sodium ions inside and outside of the neuron

35
Q

what ions contribute to the resting potential?

A

Na+, K+, Cl- and negatively charged protein ions (A-)

36
Q

what is higher in concentration outside of the cell?

A

Na+ and Cl-

37
Q

What is higher in concentration on the inside of the cell?

A

K+ and A-

38
Q

ions are not distributed equally across membranes because:

A

the membrane is selectively permeable (ion channels and sodium-potassium pump)

39
Q

ion channels

A

pores in the cell membrane that can open and close to allow certain ions into or out of the cell (mostly negative molecules trapped inside)

40
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

protein pumps in the membrane of cells that push out sodium ions and push in potassium ions (3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in)

41
Q

action potential

A

a sudden positive charge of a neuron’s axon, also known as a spike or firing; action potentials are rapidly transmitted down the axon

42
Q

threshold of excitation

A

the point at which the relative influence of other neurons succeeds in causing a neuron to initiate an action potential (effects of excitatory input from other neurons outweigh the effects of inhibitory input)

43
Q

depolarization

A

the inside of the neuron membrane becomes LESS negative relative to the outside

44
Q

hyperpolarize

A

the inside of the neuron membrane becomes MORE negative relative to the outside

45
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP’s)

A

postsynaptic depolarization that increase chances of neuron firing

46
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP’s)

A

hyper polarize the membrane and decrease chance of cell firing

47
Q

summation

A

net effect of excitatory and inhibitory signals

48
Q

actions potentials are:

A

“all-or-none” events

49
Q

stronger stimuli causes:

A

more neurons to fire more often (higher frequency)

50
Q

outline the process of an action potential:

A

sodium ion channels open, sodium enters cell (+50mV), potassium channels open (repolarization to hyperpolarized state), sodium-potassium pump re-establishes resting membrane potential

51
Q

myelin

A

a fatty white substance formed from glial cells that insulates the axons of many neurons

52
Q

action potentials occur at:

A

nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the process of action potentials jumping from node to node

54
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a very brief period of time after an action potential during which a neuron is completely unable to fire again

55
Q

relative refractory period

A

a brief period just after the absolute refractory period during which a neuron can only fire if it receives a stimulus stronger than its usual threshold level

56
Q

synapse

A

tiny spaces between the axon terminal of one neuron and the neuron through which chemical communication occurs

57
Q

neurotransmitters

A

specialized chemicals that travel across synapses to allow communication between neurons

58
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane-bound spheres in the axon terminals of neurons in which neurotransmitters are stored before their release

59
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter involved in activity levels and mood regulation

60
Q

when are neurotransmitters released?

A

when the action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal

61
Q

where do neurotransmitters bind?

A

to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell

62
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

proteins in the membranes of neurons that bind to neurotransmitters

63
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

electrical evens in postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors

64
Q

neurotransmitters can be:

A

excitatory or inhibitory or both (depending on the type of receptor present)

65
Q

termination of neurotransmitter action occurs in two ways:

A
  1. enzyme degradation or 2. reuptake
66
Q

outline the process of enzyme degradation

A

enzyme breaks down neurotransmitters, products are reabsorbed by the cell and used to synthesize more neurotransmitters

67
Q

outline the process of reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are drawn back into the presynaptic neuron and recycled for future use.

68
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide to create new cells that have the potential to become any other cell type, including neurons

69
Q

neural circuits or networks

A

collections of neurons that communicate with one another in a sequential fashion

70
Q

Hebbian synapses

A

synapses that change as a result of input or experience

71
Q

as mental processes are repeated, synaptic connections are:

A

strengthened

72
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to create new neural pathways as a result of experience or following an injury

73
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

plasticity at the synapse, ex. changes that occur from repeated release of neurotransmitters

Psychology 200 (13 decks)

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