Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

a lasting change caused by experience-has to be inferred from behaviour, it cannot be directly observed

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2
Q

how do scientists study learning?

A

by measuring change in behavioural responses

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3
Q

what are two categories of learning?

A

associative and non-associative

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4
Q

associative learning

A

learning that involves forming associations between stimuli

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5
Q

non-associative learning

A

learning that does not involve forming new associations between stimuli

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6
Q

non-associative learning is a result following:

A

repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event, causes a relatively permanent change in the strength of the response

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7
Q

what are two types of non-associative learning?

A

habituation and sensitization

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8
Q

habituation

A

the process of habituating, in which individuals pay less attention to a stimulus after it is presented to them over and over again

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9
Q

overall habitation is a _____ response to stimulus

A

DECREASE

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10
Q

dishabituation

A

a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation

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11
Q

sensitization

A

a form of non-associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

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12
Q

sensitization involves an _______ in response with learning

A

INCREASE

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13
Q

horror movies manipulate:

A

our sensitization response

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14
Q

the majority learning is:

A

associative learning

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15
Q

what are two major types of associative learning and describe them:

A

classical (associate two stimuli, eventually respond the same way to both), operant/instrumental (associate stimuli with the consequences that follow)

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16
Q

conditioning

A

the association of events in the environment; a type of learning

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A

a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response, discovered by Ivan Pavlov

18
Q

natural reflex

A

an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning

19
Q

outline how classical conditioning works:

A
  1. a stimulus has to be present that can automatically trigger a response that does not have to be learned (UR)
  2. neutral stimulus is presented with the unconditioned stimulus (UR results)
  3. neutral simulus alone eventually elicits the unconditioned response (CR results)
20
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that on its own elicits a response

21
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not have to be learned

22
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired

23
Q

conditional response (CR)

A

a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response

24
Q

associations are more likely to be learned if:

A

CS-US pairings are higher

25
Q

timing is most effective for CS-US pairing if:

A

CS occurs at most 1/2 second before US

26
Q

stimulus generalization

A

what occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response

27
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

what occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli

28
Q

higher order conditioning

A

what occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning

29
Q

extinction

A

reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone

30
Q

extinction is not “forgetting” or “unlearning,” it is:

A

active inhibition of previously learned conditioned response

31
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

re-emergence of a conditioned response after extinction has occurred- can be spontaneously recovered without any further pairing of the US-CS

32
Q

acquisition

A

occurs as US and CS are repeatedly paired at the beginning of the learning process

33
Q

phobia

A

a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that might arise as a result of fear conditioning

34
Q

phobias occur when neutral stimulus is associated with:

A

a dangerous stimulus

35
Q

systemic desensitization

A

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation

36
Q

phobias involve abnormal activity in the:

A

amygdala

37
Q

extinction training involves activity in the:

A

prefrontal cortex (inhibition of action)

38
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an order or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea)

39
Q

a taste of food/drink can be associated with illness up to ______ after ingestion

A

12 hours

40
Q

taste aversion is learned easily due to:

A

survival value

41
Q

drug tolerance (UR) is due to:

A

compensatory response (US) and location of injection (CS), ie. no compensatory response when injection occurs in new environment

42
Q

withdrawals are due to exposures to drug-related cues (CS) leading to:

A

compensatory response (CR) causing cravings