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Psychology 200 > Chapter 6: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

our immediate awareness of our internal and external states

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2
Q

where is the complex processing that operates consciousness occurring?

A

thalamus and cerebral cortex

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3
Q

certain areas of the brain are responsible for attention while other areas (cerebral cortex) are in charge of:

A

one’s awareness of attention ex. demonstrated by blindsight

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4
Q

what are two important structure in the thalamus that controls routing messages along the proper neural network?

A

the intralaminar nuclei and the midline nuclei

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5
Q

damage to the thalamus (intralaminar nuclei and the midline nuclei) can lead to:

A

loss of awareness

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6
Q

sense of self

A

awareness of oneself as a separate being from others

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7
Q

preconsciousness

A

level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary-associate with “automatic behaviour”

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8
Q

unconscious state

A

state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness

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9
Q

implicit memory

A

knowledge we are not totally aware of-info that we cannot recall at will but that we perform in various tasks in life

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10
Q

explicit memory

A

pieces of knowledge we are totally aware of-the conscious internal recovery of a memory

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11
Q

what does Freud’s “historic” view of the unconscious suggest?

A

the knowledge and memories stored in the unconscious maintain their ability to influence how we think, feel, and relate to others

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12
Q

psychoanalytic psychotherapy attempts to:

A

bring patient’s unconscious material into their conscious awareness

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13
Q

adaptive theory of sleep

A

theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self preservation, to keep away from predators that are more active at night

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14
Q

restorative theory of sleep

A

theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated during the waking day

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15
Q

circadian rhythm

A

pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds to periods of daylight and night

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16
Q

circadian rhythm sleep disorder

A

experiences excessive sleepiness or insomnia as a result of a mismatch between their own slew-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of most other people in their environment

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17
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body

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18
Q

at night, SCN directs the:

A

pineal gland to secrete the hormone melatonin which triggers sleepiness

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19
Q

during the day, photoreceptors in the retina communicate the presence of sunlight to:

A

SCN and melatonin secretions remain low

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20
Q

hypnagogic state

A

a pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena and alpha waves

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21
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

the sensory phenomena experienced during the hypnagogic state (pre-sleep period)

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22
Q

myoclonic jerk

A

sharp muscular spasm that accompanies the hallucination of falling (experienced in the hypnagogic state)

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23
Q

stage 1 sleep description:

A

brain waves become smaller and irregular (theta wave), the bridge between wakefulness and sleep, lasts a few minutes

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24
Q

stage 2 sleep description:

A

slower brain waves with appearance of sleep spindles, breathing is rhythmic and muscle tension relaxes (lasts 15-20 mins)

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25
Q

sleep spindles

A

bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two

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26
Q

stage 3 sleep description:

A

delta waves appear (20-50%)

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27
Q

stage 4 sleep description:

A

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rates all drop to lowest levels, mostly delta waves present

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28
Q

deep sleep comprises stages:

A

3-4 of sleep

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29
Q

non-REM sleep (NREM)

A

stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep pattern

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30
Q

rapid eye movement sleep (REM) - stage 5

A

stage of sleep associated with rapid and jagged brainwave patterns, increased heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing, rapid eye movements, and dreaming

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31
Q

paradoxical sleep (REM)

A

body remains deeply relaxed on the surface but considerable activity occurring internally

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32
Q

information-processing theory

A

hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and to fix them in memory

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33
Q

activation-synthesis model

A

theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to synthesize or organize random internally generated signals and give them meaning

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34
Q

in activation-synthesis model, neurons in the brainstem are activated which activates neurons in the:

A

cerebral cortex and emotional centres (amygdala, cingulate cortex, hippocampus) and the brain combines these various signals into a dream

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35
Q

according to Freud, dreams represent:

A

the expression of unconscious wishes or desires, it allows us to discharge internal energy associated with unacceptable feelings

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36
Q

dream images that can be recalled are the:

A

manifest content of the dream

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37
Q

the unconscious elements of dreams are called the:

A

latent content

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38
Q

lucid dreams

A

dreams in which the sleeper fully recognizes that he or she is dreaming, and occasionally guides the outcome of the dream

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39
Q

insomnia

A

sleep disorder characterized by a regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

40
Q

sleepwalking

A

generally inherited, occurs during the first three hours of sleep

41
Q

night terrors

A

awakes suddenly with heightened fear and agitation, episodes are not remembered in the morning

42
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder characterized by repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading to frequent awakenings

43
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder marked by uncontrollable urge to fall asleep-experienced as a loss of consciousness

44
Q

hypnosis

A

a seemingly altered state of consciousness during which individuals can be directed to act or experience the world in unusual ways

45
Q

a hyperalert hypnotic trance guides the individual to:

A

heightened tension and awareness

46
Q

the hypnotist always delivers______ to the subject

A

suggestions

47
Q

posthypnotic responses

A

predetermined signal prompts that cause people to directly respond AFTER being roused from the hypnotic trance

48
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

the hypnotist directs people to forget info learned during hypnosis-does not remember until hypnotist provides a predetermined signal to remember

49
Q

hypnotic hallucinations

A

mental perceptions that do not match the physical stimulations, can be positive or negative

50
Q

positive hypnotic hallucination

A

people under hypnosis are guided to see/hear things that aren’t present

51
Q

negative hypnotic hallucination

A

people under hypnosis who fail to see/hear things present

52
Q

what are two theories of hypnosis?

A

divided consciousness and common social and cognitive processes (role-playing)

53
Q

dissociation

A

a splitting of consciousness into two dimensions: associate with DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS

54
Q

explain divided consciousness:

A

one part of consciousness becomes fully tuned into and responsive to hypnotist’s suggestions, the second part is the hidden observer who continues to process information that is seemingly unavailable to the hypnotized person

55
Q

explain common social and cognitive processes:

A

individuals playing a part in a social interaction between themselves, the “hypnotist” and the audience, because of their strong beliefs in hypnosis, the people fail to recognize or ignore their own active contributions to the process

56
Q

when hypnotized, people first enter into a state of mental relaxation characterized by:

A

reduced activity in the cerebral cortex and thalamus

57
Q

mental absorption is the “main stage” of hypnosis where the individual is completed focussed on:

A

the hypnotist’s voice and instruction and actively block out other sources of information (internal and external), it is a state of total focus

58
Q

mental absorption is characterized by:

A

increased blood flow and activity in cerebral cortex and thalamus

59
Q

the area involved with hypnosis for anesthetization or reduction of pain is:

A

anterior cingulate cortex (decreased activity=decreased awareness of pain)

60
Q

meditation

A

technique designed to turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward one’s inner cues and awareness

61
Q

what are two major meditation techniques?

A

opening-up and concentrative meditation

62
Q

opening-up

A

meditators seek to clear their mind to receive new experiences

63
Q

concentrative meditation

A

people actively concentrate on an object, word, phrase, or idea (aka mantra)

64
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

paying attention to feelings, thoughts, sensations flowing through their minds without feelings or judgements (used to treat people with pain)

65
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that affect awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood

66
Q

addiction

A

psychological or physical compulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in physical response

67
Q

tolerance

A

mark of physical independence on a drug, in which a person needs to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect

68
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted

69
Q

depressants

A

psychoactive drugs that slow down activity of the central nervous system

70
Q

what are two major depressants?

A

alcohol and sedative-hypnotic drugs

71
Q

alcohol

A

a depressant in liquid form, contains ethyl alcohol- a chemical quickly absorbed into blood through the lining of the stomach and intestine

72
Q

how does alcohol work?

A

slows functioning by binding to various neurons, specifically those that receive gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and reduces the influence of GABA

73
Q

what determines how much alcohol will affect a person?

A

the concentration or proportion of ethyl alcohol in the blood

74
Q

alcoholism

A

long term pattern of alcohol addiction

75
Q

binge-drinking

A

the consumption of 5 or more drinks in a row

76
Q

many Asians have a deficiency of:

A

alcohol dehydrogenase-a chemical responsible for breaking down and eliminating alcohol from the body

77
Q

alcohol overworks the liver and can lead to development of:

A

cirrhosis-liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional

78
Q

drinking during pregnancy can lead to:

A

miscarriage-fetal alcohol syndrom(FAS) or fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

79
Q

sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

class of drugs, the members of which produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness

80
Q

opiods

A

class of drugs derived from the sap of the opium poppy, reduces pain and emotional distress

81
Q

opiods attach to brain receptors that ordinarily:

A

receive endorphins-it depresses the CNS

82
Q

stimulants

A

substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system

83
Q

how does cocaine work?

A

it is a stimulant, increases activity of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain

84
Q

how is amphetamines different than cocaine?

A

it is manufactured in the laboratory, everything else is the same, also increased dopamine, AKA crystal meth

85
Q

hallucinogens

A

substances that dramatically change one’s state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception “psychedelic drugs”

86
Q

LSD

A

brings on hallucinosis -a state marked by strengthening of visual perceptions and profound psychological and physical changes

87
Q

how does LSD work?

A

it binds to neurons that typically receive the neurotransmitter serotonin, basically causes a dump of serotonin

88
Q

flashbacks

A

recurrence of the sensory and emotional changes after LSD has left the body

89
Q

what is in cannabis that causes its effects?

A

THC

90
Q

how does cannabis work?

A

changes one’s conscious experience by producing a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects. can be used as medication for treatment of chronic pain, nausea associated with chemotherapy, etc.

91
Q

an ingested drug increases:

A

the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain

92
Q

reward learning pathway

A

brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli

93
Q

where is the reward learning pathway located?

A

extends from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens and on to the frontal cortex

94
Q

the key neurotransmitter used in the reward learning pathway is:

A

dopamine

95
Q

reward-deficiency syndrome

A

theory that people might abuse drugs because their reward centre is not readily activated by usual life events-possibly caused by abnormal genes

96
Q

when a person takes a drug chronically, the brain eventually makes an adjustment by:

A

reducing its own production of the neurotransmitters whose activity is being increased by the ingested drug

97
Q

the withdrawal symptoms are a result of:

A

low neurotransmitter levels

Psychology 200 (13 decks)

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