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Biology Exam > Chapter 9 - Genes, Chromosomes and Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Genes, Chromosomes and Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

gamete

A

egg or sperm cell

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2
Q

germ cells

A

give rise to gametes and are found in the gonads

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3
Q

somatic cells

A

cells of the body other than sex cells

die when the organism dies

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4
Q

genotype

A

the double set of genetic instructions present in an organism

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5
Q

phenotype

A

visible expression of the genotype in its structural, biochemical and physiological characteristics

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6
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis

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7
Q

chromatid

A

part of a double stranded chromosome

sister chromatids

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8
Q

diploid number in somatic cells

A

2n

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9
Q

how many chromosomes to humans have

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

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10
Q

haploid number in gametes

A

n

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11
Q

diploid

A

refers to organisms or cells having two copies of each specific chromosome
paired set of chromosomes

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12
Q

haploid

A

having one copy of each specific chromosomes
half
unpaired chromosomes

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13
Q

karyotype

A

the complete set of chromosome images

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14
Q

autosomes

A

22 matched pairs of chromosomes in both males and females

non-sex determining chromosomes

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15
Q

heterosome

A

sex chromosomes

X and Y

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16
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have the same gene location at the cnetromere

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17
Q

non-homologous chromsomes

A

non-matching chromosomes

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18
Q

cell cycle

A

interphase
M phase
G0 phase

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19
Q

cell cycle interphase

A 
g1 phase (gap 1)
s phase (synthesis)
g2 phase (gap 2)
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20
Q

G1 phase - interphase

A

metabolic changes prepare the cell for division

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21
Q

S phase - interphase

A

DNA replicated

each chromosome now 2 sister chromatids

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22
Q

G2 phase - interphase

A

double checks

metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

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23
Q

M phase cell cycle

A

mitosis followed by cytokinesis

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24
Q

G0 phase cell cycle

A

cells are inactive

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25
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
PMAT

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26
Q

mitosis - prophase

A

break down of nuclear membrane
spindle fibres appear
chromosomes condense

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27
Q

mitosis - metaphase

A

chromosomes align along the centre line

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28
Q

mitosis - anaphase

A

centromeres divide

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

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29
Q

mitosis - telophase

A

nuclear membrane reform
chromosomes decondense
spindle fibres disappear

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30
Q

mitosis - cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides

parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information

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31
Q

meiosis

A

2 cell divisions that produces gametes
diploid to haploid
produces random combinations
PMATPMAT

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32
Q

meiosis - prophase 1

A

DNA condenses, forming chromosomes
synapsis
crossing over

33
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes lie side by side

34
Q

meiosis - metaphase 1

A

chromosome pairs line up at the equator

independent assortment

35
Q

meiosis - anaphase 1

A

disjunction

36
Q

disjunction

A

double stranded homologous chromosomes seperate from each other

37
Q

meiosis - telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1

A

nuclear membrane reforms

two intermediate haploid cells

38
Q

meiosis - prophase 2

A

nuclear membrane breaks down

spindle forms

39
Q

meiosis - metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up at the equator

independent assortment

40
Q

meiosis - anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids seperate and become individual chromosomes of the daughter cells

41
Q

meiosis - telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2

A

nuclear membrane reform

4 haploid gametes

42
Q

independent assortment

A

the process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during metaphase 1 of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes

43
Q

crossing over

A

Prophase 1
exchange of corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
new combinations of alleles of linked genes

44
Q

recombinant

A

gametes that carry new combinations of linked alleles different from those present in the parental organisms

45
Q

aneuploidy

A

more or less chromosomes due to non-disjunction in either anaphase 1 or 2

46
Q

polysomy / polyploidy

A

reduplication of some of the chromosomes
more than 1 of a particular chromosome
e.g. down syndrome

47
Q

monosomy

A

cell has only one copy of a particular chromosome

48
Q

trisomy

A

three instances of a particular chromosome

49
Q

chromosome - duplication

A

pert of chromosome is duplication

50
Q

chromosome - deletion

A

part of chromosome is missing

51
Q

chromosome - inversion

A

order of genes is reversed

52
Q

chromosome - translocation

A

part of a chromosome or whole chromosome changes location and moves to another homologous chromosome

53
Q

non-disjunction

A

failure of normal separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis or failure of normal separation of the two strands of a double-stranded chromosome during meiosis and mitosis

54
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity
made up of a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a particular protein
located on chromosomes

55
Q

locus

A

position occupied by a gene

56
Q

homozygous

A

person with 2 identical alleles for a particular gene

57
Q

heterozygous

A

person with2 different alleles for a particular gene

58
Q

autosomal genes

A

genes that are located on an autosome

59
Q

X-linked genes

A

refers to genes located of the X chromosome

60
Q

hemizygous

A

just single allele for each gene

in males Y

61
Q

complete dominance

A

one allele is expressed and completely masks the effect of the other

62
Q

co-domincance

A

heterozygous organism shows the expression of both alleles in its phenotype

63
Q

monohybrid corsses

A

involves observing the inheritance of a single gene

64
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

involves observing the inheritance of 2 genes

65
Q

multiple alleles

A

a system in which 3 or more alleles exist for a particular gene

66
Q

lethal alleles

A

alleles that fail to code for a functional protein in sufficient amounts
will die prematurely

67
Q

dominant

A

refers to a trait that is expressed in the heterozygous condition
requires only a single copy for its phenotypic expression

68
Q

recessive

A

refers to a trait that is not expressed but remains hidden in a heterozygous organism

69
Q

monogenic traits

A

traits under the control of one gene

show discontinuous variation

70
Q

discontinuous variation

A

members of a population can be classified into a few, non-overlapping classes or groups

71
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits under the control of two or more genes

show continuous variation

72
Q

continuous variation

A

when members of a population cannot be classified into a few distinct groups, they show a variation of phenotypes

73
Q

genotype + environment =

A

phenotype

74
Q

test crosses

A

involves on parent that is homozygous recessive an is used for identification purposes

75
Q

linked genes

A

genes that are located on the same chromosome

76
Q

autosomal dominant

A

the gene for the trait unaffected parents will no produce affected
can’t skip a generation
males and females affected equally

77
Q

X-linked dominant

A

male will pass to all daughters and no sons
more females than males
must have at least one parent affected

78
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

homozygous recessive
can disappear and reappear
unaffected parents can have affected child

79
Q

X-linked recessive

A

more males than females
all sons of females effected
all daughters of male

Biology Exam (15 decks)

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