Chapter 2 - Membranes and Cell Organelles

Question 1

apoptosis

Answer 1

programmed cell death

self destruction by cells for the good of the whole organism

Question 2

eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

contain membrane bound organelles
larger
found in animals, plants, fungi
cytoskeleton

Question 3

prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

lack membrane bound organelles
no nuclear membrane
no true nucleus 
unicellular
smaller
bacteria

Question 4

basic cell processes

Answer 4

obtain nutrients
synthesis materials for growth and repair
energy for movement and metabolism
eliminate waste
carry out cell division

Question 5

factors that affect cellular activity

Answer 5

composition of extracellular fluid
salt concentration
temperature
nutrients levels
pH
removal of wastes

Question 6

plasma membrane / Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 6

partially permeable boundary of all living cells which acts as a barrier between the internal and external environment and controls the entry of dissolved substances into and out of the cell

Question 7

partially / selectively permeable

Answer 7

allows only some substances through but not others

Question 8

structures within the plasma membrane

Answer 8

proteins and glycolipids protrude

embedded protein channels

Question 9

types of proteins in plasma membrane

Answer 9

transport proteins
receptor proteins
glycoproteins
adhesion proteins

Question 10

transport proteins

Answer 10

allows some substances to move through the membrane

channel and carrier proteins

Question 11

receptor proteins

Answer 11

binding sites

hormones and other substances bind to them affecting the cells activities

Question 12

glycoproteins

Answer 12

act as antigens which enable the immune system to recognise self from non-self cells

Question 13

adhesion proteins

Answer 13

join cells together in multicellular organisms

Question 14

diffusion

Answer 14

the net movement of a molecule or ion from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
passive
along concentration gradient
stops at equilibrium

Question 15

facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

type of diffusion where charged particles (ions) and larger particles (glucose) diffuse across a membrane with assistance from transport proteins
along concentration gradient
passive

Question 16

channel proteins

Answer 16

channels which open and close to allow molecules nd ions through

Question 17

carrier proteins

Answer 17

combine with the molecule or ion and carry it across the membrane

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

the net movement of water from a weak or dilute solution to a strong or concentrated solution
along concentration gradient
passive

Question 19

hypotonic

Answer 19

dilute solution with high concentration of solvent (H2O) and low concentration of solute

Question 20

hypertonic

Answer 20

concentrated solution with a low concentration of solvent (H2O) and a high concentration of solute

Question 21

isotonic

Answer 21

surrounding fluid is equal concentration to the solution inside the cell
no net movement of water

Question 22

turgid

Answer 22

external concentration hypotonic to the vacuole
water will move freely into the vacuole via osmosis
vacuole swells and pushes the plasma membrane against the cell well creating turgor pressure

Question 23

flaccid

Answer 23

external concentration hypertonic to the vacuole
water will move freely out of the vacuole via osmosis
vacuole size reduced and moves the plasma membrane away from the cell well create limp cell

Question 24

active transport

Answer 24

the movement of molecules or ions from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
against concentration gradient
active
involves carrier proteins

Question 25

endocytosis

Answer 25

the process of bulk transport of material into a cell
requires energy
pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 26

pinocytosis

Answer 26

bulk movement of smaller particles (liquids) into cells

Question 27

phagocytosis

Answer 27

bulk movement of larger particles (solid material) into cells

Question 28

exocytosis

Answer 28

bulk transport of material out of cells
requires energy
in small vesicles from golgi

Question 29

factors affecting movement of materials

Answer 29

concentration gradient

surface area to volume ratio

Question 30

Golgi

Answer 30

Packages material into vesicles for export