Chapter 15 - Hominin Evolution

Question 1

human evolution

Answer 1

the physical and cultural development of hominin ancestors to modern humans

Question 2

mammal characteristics

Answer 2

fur or hair

milk producing

Question 3

primates characteristics

Answer 3

opposable thumb and/or toe
problem solve
complex social behaviour

Question 4

hominoid

Answer 4

collective term for all apes

Question 5

hominoid characteristics

Answer 5

no tail
complex brains
flexible arm and shoulder jointss

Question 6

hominins

Answer 6

modern humans, extinct human species and al of our extinct erect walking ancestors

Question 7

hominin anatomical features

Answer 7

bipedal locomotion
complex social behaviour
short body hair
large brain

Question 8

bipedalism

Answer 8

two-legged walking

hands free for other uses

Question 9

brain size

Answer 9

more tha tripled

tool making and use

Question 10

face and teeth

Answer 10

U shape to parabola

Question 11

vision and sense of smell

Answer 11

decrease reliance on smell

increase reliance on daytime vision

Question 12

structure of hands

Answer 12

more refined hand movements

Question 13

selection for bipedalism

Answer 13

carrying offspring and food
seeing over grass
thermoregulation

Question 14

adaptions for bipedalism

Answer 14

position of foremen magnum
bowel shaped pelvis
S spine shape

Question 15

selection for nakedness

Answer 15

thermoregulation
parasite control
retention of head hair - reflects sun

Question 16

out of Africa hypothesis

Answer 16

modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago and then migrated into different regions of Europe and Asia and replaced non-modern populations

Question 17

biological evolution

Answer 17

changes in human populations
from natural selection
inherited phenotypes
very slow

Question 18

biological evolution is expressed in

Answer 18

physical traits
biochemical traits
physiological trait

Question 19

cultural evolution

Answer 19

learned beahvoiur
changes in human societies
socially transmitted, not genetically inherited
fast
spoken, written or signed language

Question 20

examples of cultural evolution

Answer 20

how to make a tool
learning a social rule
learning to play a musical instrument

Question 21

technological evolution

Answer 21

changes over time in technology

give humans increased control over their environment

Question 22

technological evolution is expressed through

Answer 22

tools
machines, automatons
medical procedures

Question 23

many cultural changes are based on what

Answer 23

technological evolution

Question 24

what made tool making possible

Answer 24

bipedal locomotion: freed hands

increased brain size: problem solving capacity

Question 25

australopithecus afarensis (graciles)

Answer 25

1
erect walking
small brain size
simple tools: sticks stones
Lucy

Question 26

australopithecus africanus (graciles)

Answer 26

2
adapted for climbing
erect walking
hunter - weapons: broken teeth and bones

Question 27

australopithecus robustus / paranthropus group

Answer 27

3
bones as tools
massive molar teeth
box shaped jaw

Question 28

homo habilis

Answer 28

4
greater brain size
first tool makers
cooperative hunting

Question 29

homo erectus

Answer 29

5
larger brain size
controlled fire use: cooking, warmth, light
crafted more elaborate stone tools
facial expressions but no language

Question 30

homo heidelbergensis

Answer 30

6
large brain
tools for hunting
animal hide clothing
used fire
hunted animals

Question 31

homo sapien (neanderthals)

Answer 31

7
strongly built
crafted fine tools
buried dead
lived in caves
shelter out of animal skins
clothing for bodies and feet

Question 32

homo sapien

Answer 32

8
no diastema
larynx evolved: language 
skilful tool makers
control fire
art