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Biology Exam > Chapter 3 - Biochemical Processes in Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biochemical Processes in Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular metabolism

A

the sum total of chemical reactions that occur in each living cell

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2
Q

anabolic reactions / endergonic

A

chemical reaction in which atoms and molecules are joined together to make more complex molecules
energy required
e.g. photosynthesis

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3
Q

catabolic reactions / exergonic

A

reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules
release energy
e.g. cellular respiration, digestion

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4
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
contains adenosine and 3 phosphate
renewable energy source

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5
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

contains adenosine and 2 phosphate

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6
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule

ADP + Pi = ATP

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7
Q

enzyme

A

proteins which are capable of catalysing (speeding up) biochemical reactions by reducing the activation energy
biological catalysts
specific: catalyse only one type of reaction
recyclable: remains unchanged, used again

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8
Q

active site

A

the region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds

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9
Q

substrate

A

compound on which an enzyme acts

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10
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

combination of the enzyme and its substrate

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11
Q

lock and key model

A

substrate fits into the active site perfectly
rigid active site
highly specific

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12
Q

Induced fit model

A

active site changes shape slightly to fit the substrate
flexible
increases range of substrate specificity

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13
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

enzymes lower activation energy

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14
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

A

pH
temperature
enzyme and substrate concentrations
inhibition

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15
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

pH

A

enzyme denatured in extreme pH

buffered solutions

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16
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

temperature

A

enzymes work best in temp they’re found in
temp increases: molecules more excited and collide more often
denaturing
temp too low: little to no activity

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17
Q

denaturing

A

hydrogen bond broken by heat
protein loses 3D shape: active site changed
irreversible

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18
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

enzyme and substrate concentrations

A

increases substrate: more product until enzyme worked to full capacity
increased enzyme: increases yield of the production until substrate all used up

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19
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

inhibition

A

chemical substances that interfere with enzyme function

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20
Q

inhibitors

A

compete with the substrate for the active site

competitive and non-competitive

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21
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

can fill the active site of the enzyme preventing it from binding with the substrate

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22
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A

can attach to the enzyme causing a change in the shape of the active site

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23
Q

rational drug design

A

construction of a drug to fit the active site of a molecule so that the natural action of the molecule cannot occur

24
Q

rational drug design steps

A
  1. research and identify the metabolic pathway of the pathogen
  2. identify structure of enzyme: tertiary and active site
  3. design and create a drug with the same shape as active site to act an inhibitor
  4. active site blocked: cannot bind with pathogenic substrate;; prevents disease
25
Q

cofactors

A

metallic cation that binds to the enzyme and increases the rate of catalysis
essentail for normal enzyme function

26
Q

coenzymes

A

assist in the catalysis by binding to enzymes or by functioning as carriers of electrons and protons
acts with an enzyme to alter the rate of a reaction

27
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process in which green plants trap light energy in their chlorophyll and use carbon dioxide and water to create chemical energy as carbohydrates
plants make own food

28
Q

overall equation photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water (light) -> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

29
Q

chloroplast

A

chlorophyll containing orangeade that occurs in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues

30
Q

chloroplast structure

A

stroma: gel like matrix
thylakoid: flat sac-structures - grana when stacked

31
Q

light dependent reaction

A

involves trapping light energy by chlorophyll and its conversion into chemical energy
occurs in grana

32
Q

steps of light dependent reaction

A

light energy trapped by chlorophyll
energy used to produce ATP and to split water molecules to form hydrogen ions and the waste product oxygen
H+ ions gathered by NADP -> NADPH

33
Q

light independent reaction

A

involves the formation of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide
occurs in stroma
not dependent on light, dependent of the light dependent stage

34
Q

steps of light independent reaction

A 
input of carbon dioxide, H+ ions and ATP
carbon atoms removed from carbon dioxide
C atoms combine with H+ from NADPH
energy supplied by ATP
glucose produced
35
Q

location of light dependent reaction

A

grana

36
Q

location of light independent reaction

A

stroma

37
Q

inputs of light dependent reaction

A

water
light energy
NADP+
ADP + Pi

38
Q

outputs of light dependent reaction

A

NADPH
ATP
oxygen
hydrogen

39
Q

inputs of light independent reaction

A

NADPH
ATP
CO2

40
Q

outputs of light independent reaction

A

glucose
NADP+
ADP + Pi

41
Q

factors affecting photosynthetic rate

A

intensity of light
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature
abundance of chlorophyll

42
Q

cellular respiration

A

the series of energy releasing reactions that break down organic compounds, releasing chemical energy and transferring it to ATP

43
Q

is cellular respiration anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic

44
Q

mitochondria structures

A

inner membrane: cristae and matrix

outer membrane

45
Q

aerobic respiration

A

breakdown of glucose to simple in organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and with release of energy that is transferred to ATP

46
Q

steps of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport

47
Q

aerobic respiration - glycolysis

A

occurs in cytosol
one molecule of glucose (6C) broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule

48
Q

aerobic respiration - Kreb’s Cycle

A

occurs in matrix
pyruvate from glycolysis passes through cytosol and broken down into CO2 and H2O
H atoms gathered by acceptor molecules
4 NADH and 1 FADH2 produced (5 loaded acceptors)

49
Q

aerobic respiration - electron transport

A

occurs in cristae
loaded acceptors from Kreb’s move to cristae
electrons are transferred between cytochrome’s (compounds in cristae) until accepted by oxygen
becomes negatively charged and reacts with H+ ions to form water
releases energy

50
Q

overall equation of cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

51
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

form of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen in which glucose is broken down into smaller compounds, with release of energy that is transferred to ATP
occurs in cytosol
rapid but less efficient

52
Q

anaerobic respiration - animals equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid + 2ATP

53
Q

anaerobic respiration - plants equation

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

54
Q

Fermentation

A

Process of anaerobic respiration in yeasts that results in alcohol formation

55
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organism that can produce its own food from simple inorganic substances

56
Q

Glycerol

A

three fatty acids linked to form a lipid

57
Q

Pyruvate

A

3C compound

Formed in first stage of cellular respiration

Biology Exam (15 decks)

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