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Biology Exam > Chapter 8 - Immunity: Defence Against Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Immunity: Defence Against Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

immune system

A

a complex system made up of many components, including organs, tissues, specialised cells and specific molecules
able to identify self from non-self

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2
Q

self

A

material made by the body’s cell

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3
Q

non-self

A

foreign material

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4
Q

2 kinds of responses to invading foreign material:

A

non-specific (innate) immune response

specific (adaptive) immune response

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5
Q

non-specific (innate) immune response

A

immune responses react in the same way to all infections and have no ‘memory’ of prior infections
first 2 lines of defence

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6
Q

first line of defence

A 
prevent entry of microorganisms into the body; surfaces
intact skin
mucous membranes
natural secretions
natural flora
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7
Q

intact skin

A

barrier against entry of microorganisms

keratin skin more impermeable

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8
Q

mucous membranes

A

respiratory and digestive tract
traps pathogens
cilia

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9
Q

natural secretions

A

tears (lysozyme burst bacteria)
saliva
stomach acid

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10
Q

natural flora

A 
on or in the body
skin
gut
vagina
inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria
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11
Q

second line of defence

A 
non-specific and non-adaptive
phagocytes
natural killer cells
complement proteins 
interferon
cytokines
inflammation
blood clotting
fever
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12
Q

phagocytes

A

macrophages and neutrophils
white blood cells that engulf and destroy microorganisms and other foreign material that enters the body by phagocytosis
enzymes released into the vesicle and its destroyed

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13
Q

natural killer cells

A

kill virus-infected cells before virus replicated

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14
Q

complement proteins

A

circulate blood activated by infection
stick to microorganisms more identifiable
stimulate phagocytes

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15
Q

interferon

A

proteins secreted by virus infected cells
Blocks viral protein synthesis in uninfected cells
Makes them more resistant to virus

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16
Q

cytokines

A

Cell communication

Helper T cells release them to stimulate other cells

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17
Q

inflammation

A

increase in blood flow to the area
phagocytes arrive and release histamine
promotes vasodilation (increase blood flow, more phagocytes)

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18
Q

blood clotting

A

tearing or puncturing of a blood vessel initiates clotting

triggered by release of clotting factors from the damaged cells

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19
Q

fever

A

makes body less favourable
stimulates helper T cells
creates inhospitable environment

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20
Q

steps of a fever

A

macrophages and phagocytes secrete interleukins
travel via bloodstream to hypothalamus
hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin
bodies thermostat reset to higher point (39)

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21
Q

antigens

A

proteins one every cells surface which act as recognition markers and have specific shapes

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22
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A 
genes that code for production of antigens
all cells except red blood cells
class 1 and 2 antigens
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23
Q

MHC class 1 antigens

A

located on the surface of virtually all human cells

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24
Q

MHC class 2 antigens

A

restricted to macrophages and the antibody-producing B-lymphocytes

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25
Q

non-self antigens

A

foreign antigens on cells not displaying MHC markers

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26
Q

non-self receptors

A

identify molecules or cells that are foreign to those of the immune system
the binding of a non-self antigen triggers immune response

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27
Q

self antigens

A

antigens on cells that are recognised by self receptors as being part of same body

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28
Q

self receptors

A

receptors used by cells to determine whether an encountered molecule or cell has structures that indicate it is part of the same body

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29
Q

antigen present cells (APC)

A

take up, process and present antigens to helper T cells become activated

30
Q

examples of APC

A

phagocytes/macrophages
B-lymphocytes
dendritic cells

31
Q

specific (adaptive) immune response

A

a specific immune response by the immune system to the particular antigen and result in adaptive/acquired immunity
3rd line of defence
involves production of memory cells

32
Q

third line of defence

A

a specific response to a particular infection and results in adaptive or acquired immunity
humoral and cell mediated response

33
Q

where do B and T cells mature

A

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow

leave before fully develop, travel to thymus gland and mature into T cells

34
Q

Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes)

A

involving the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen

35
Q

immunoglobins (antibodies)

A

on B cell surface
proteins that identify antigens
specific structure and recognise only one type of antigen

36
Q

what happens when a B cell encounters is complementary antigen

A

it replicates rapidly and produces numerous plasma cells

37
Q

B cell don’t replicate without assistance of what

A

helper T cells

38
Q

plasma cells

A

produce and secrete antibodies
Travel in blood and lymph
survive for a few days

39
Q

B memory cells

A 
produced from B cells
antibody-antigen specificity
survive for several years
react faster and more vigorously
creates 'immunity'
40
Q

antibody

A

proteins produce in response to antigens

specific

41
Q

antibody structure

A

4 polypeptide chains
2 long ‘heavy’ chains
2 shorter ‘light’ chains
hinge allows for flexibility

42
Q

IgE

A

antibody

activates mast cells which release histamine for allergic responses

43
Q

cell mediated immune response (T lymphocytes)

A

does not involve antibodies
involves the activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen

44
Q

does the cell mediated immune response make antibodies?

A

NOOOOO

45
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus gland

46
Q

helper T cells

A

activated when non-self antigens (macrophages) are presented to it
stimules B cells once activated
secrete a protein that stimulates other T and B cells

47
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

recognise and kills virus infected cells before has time to replicate
Can only kill virus when inside cell

48
Q

suppressor T cells

A

regulate the action of the immune system
suppress action og phagocytes
slow production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells
saves energy

49
Q

suppressor T cells

A

regulate the action of the immune system
suppress action og phagocytes
slow production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells
saves energy

50
Q

lymphatic system

A

monitors the body for invading microorganisms

memory B and T cells circulate in lymph

51
Q

what does swollen or sore lymph nodes indicate?

A

infection

52
Q

acquiring specific immunity

A

recited from an outside source (passive) or antibodies can produced within the person (active)

53
Q

active immunity

A

involves te production of antibodies within a person in response to exposure to a particular antigen
long lasting
natural or induced

54
Q

natural active immunity

A

person comes in contact with a particular pathogen for the first time and produces antibodies

55
Q

induced active immunity

A

vaccines
injected with dead of treated living microorganisms which trigger body to produce antibodies against the specific pathogen without causing disease

56
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies produced in one person and introduced into another can react with antigens to provide immunity
not long lasting
natural or induced

57
Q

natural passive immunity

A

developing foetus receives maternal antibodies across the placenta
mothers breast milk

58
Q

induced passive immunity

A

injected with antibodies obtained from blood plasma from donors who are known to have an infectious disease
serum

59
Q

antibody serum

A

blood serum from tissues of immunised animals containing antibodies and used to transfer immunity to another individual

60
Q

allergic response

A

allergy antigen
IgE antibodies produced
bind to mast cells
release histamine

61
Q

histamine

A

causes symptoms associated with allergic responses

62
Q

mast cells

A

fixed cells

contain larger amounts of histamine

63
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system fails to identify ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ and causes antibodies to attack its own tissues
no cure
e.g. t1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

64
Q

transplant organ rejection

A

translated tissue identified an ‘non-self’
T cells directly lyse foreign cells
immunosuppressant prevent this

65
Q

plant barriers

A

physical and chemical defence mechanisms designed to protect and detect invading organisms

66
Q

physical plant barriers

A

thick, waxy cuticle
thorns, spines and prickles
cork and galls form to limit spread

67
Q

chemical plant barriers

A 
proteins block growth
antibacterial, anti fungal agents secreted
oil repellents
gum
rapid apoptosis
68
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of cells

Antibodies binding to antigens

69
Q

Neutrophils

A

Engulf pathogen
Kill it and itself
Forms pus

70
Q

Antibodies bound to pathogens can:

A

Damage
Stimulate phagocytosis
Activate compliment

71
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
APC to B and T cells
Release cytokines to induce inflammation
Activate antibody secretion

72
Q

What do B cells differentiate into when activated?

A

Memory B cells

Plasma cells

Biology Exam (15 decks)

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