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Biology Exam > Chapter 1 - The Chemical Nature of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Chemical Nature of Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

water

A

universal solvent
highly polar
main environment for metabolic reactions

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2
Q

hydrophilic / polar

A

dissolves readily in water

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3
Q

hydrophobic / non-polar

A

tend to be insoluble in water

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4
Q

pH

A

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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5
Q

macromolecules

A

large organis molecules

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6
Q

what is released when monomers join together

A

a water molecule

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7
Q 
monomers to these polymers:
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
A

monosaccharides
amino acids
fatty acids and glycerol
nucleotides

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8
Q

carbohydrate

A

COH

energy source and structural components

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9
Q

monosaccharide

A

contains one sugar unit

glucose, fructose

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10
Q

disaccharide

A

composed of two monosaccharide units

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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11
Q

polysaccharide

A

polymers of monosaccharide

usually non-polar

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12
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen
starch
cellulose

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13
Q

glycogen

A 
storage carbohydrate (glucose) in liver and muscle tissues
converted to fat is in excess
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14
Q

starch

A

main form of energy source in plants

humans can digest

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15
Q

cellulose

A

main component of plant cell walls

humans can’t digest (need bacterial populations in gut)

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16
Q

carbohydrate condensation

A

monosaccharides combine to form complex carbohydrates

water is released

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17
Q

protein

A

NHCO - SP

control all metabolic processes within cells

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18
Q

proteome

A

complete set of proteins produced by a cell

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19
Q

how many naturally occurring amino acids? how many can humans make?

A

20 naturally occurring

humans manufacture 11 - rely of food for 9

20
Q

amino acid structure

A 
central carbon atom (C)
hydrogen atom (H)
carboxyl group (COOH)
amino acid group (H2N)
R group
21
Q

what does the R group do in amino acids

A

distinguishes one amino acid from another

22
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined together

23
Q

polypeptide

A

macromolecule built of amino acids and linked by peptide bonds to form a single chain

24
Q

peptide bond

A

bonds that join amino acids

25
Q

protein primary structure

A

specific linear sequence of amino acids

26
Q

protein secondary structure

A

the folding of the amino acid chain
alpha helices: tight coils
beta pleated sheets: folding
random loops

27
Q

protein tertiary structure

A

the complex 3D functional shape of the protein

28
Q

protein quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptide chains interact to form a protein

haemoglobin

29
Q

lipids

A

COH
fats, oils and waxes - hydrophobic
energy storage, structural component in membranes

30
Q

3 types of lipids in membranes

A

phospholipid
glycolipid
cholesterol

31
Q

phospholipid

A

forms structural component of the plasma membrane

32
Q

glycolipid

A

projects out of plasma membrane

cellular communication and signalling

33
Q

cholesterol

A

embedded and myelin sheath
maintain level rigidity
Stabilising temp

34
Q

triglycerides

A

single glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acid molecules

35
Q

steroids

A

lipids

include sex hormones and cholesterol

36
Q

nucleic acids

A

COHNP

store info for chemical code

37
Q

DNA

A 
deoxyribonucleic acid
double helix: antiparallel
sugar-phosphate back bone
passes genetic info through generations
contained in nucleus
38
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

3 types: m, t, r

39
Q

structure of a nucleotide

A

five carbon sugar (ribose / deoxyribose)
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (ATGCU)

40
Q

genome

A

sum total of the genes present in a cell or organism

41
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

carries genetic message to ribosomes where they are translated into a particular protein

42
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
molecules that carry amino acids to ribosomes where they are used to construct proteins
has anticodons

43
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
together with proteins, makes the ribosomes found in cytosol
found in ribosomes

44
Q

protein synthesis

A

RNA takes the information on the DNA strand and creates the proteins necessary for life
transcription, translation

45
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

R: uracil, 3 types, ribose
D: thymine, double stranded, 1 type, deoxyribose, longer

Biology Exam (15 decks)

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