Chapter 9 - Gender, Sex and Sexuality Flashcards
differentiate between gender and sex
sex - biological traits that societies use to categorize ppl as male or female
gender - the cultural meaning that societies attach to sex categories - the behaviors considered as “normal’ for a person of a particular sex
British Sociologist _____ _____ was amongst the first to formally distinguish sex from gender in a sociological way, characterizing sex as a biological construction and gender as a social one
Ann Oakley
_______ and _________ distinguished between a person’s sec and sex category
West and Zimmerman
Candace West and Don Zimmerman said that sex was based on _______, and that a person ______ a sex category that does not correspond to their ________ sex
biology
adopt
assigned
How did Candace West and Don Zimmerman say you could adopt a sex category that does not correspond to one’s assigned sex
by taking on the manners and behaviors that society associates with that sex category
______ ______ is one’s deeply held perceptions of one’s gender - which gender (if any) one identifies with
gender identity
gender expression is _____
fluid
who said that “we perform everyday like a role”
Zimmerman `
________ is the expectation to be aggressive, tough and dominant
hypermasculinity
what are female roles
the norm to be a caregiver
what affect do female roles have on women
can limit women’s entry into the labor market
limit the number of hours they work
can cause a wage gap
______ ______ refers to a set of attitudes and expectations concerning behavior that relates to the sex we are assigned at birth
gender role
gender role is like a _____ role; it is the part that corresponds to the ____ _______ we identify with
movie role
corresponds to the sex category we identify with
how is gender role learned? what happens when girls and boys transgress their gender role?
learned through play
they are labelled something which attempts to diverge them into their hegemony role (girl called tomboy, boy called fag)
_______ is anyone born with both “male” and “female” sexual characteristics
intersex
intersex may identify with ______ sex category
either (female or male)
intersex people are not born within sex ________
binaries
Some people do not have xx or xy chromosomes, or have hormonal differences that can cause genital ambiguity such as what?
micropenis
enlarged clitoris
_________ are people who o not identify with their assigned sex. Someone whose lived identity does not conform with their gender role associated with their assigned sex
transgender
_______ ________ are people who identify as neither male no female; or as male one day and female another day
gender nonconforming
________ is someone who feels affinity with the socially constructed sex category they were assigned at birth, typically this is male or female in Western society
Cisgender
______-_____ people is the umbrella term to describe those who identify with one of the many gender roles beyond male and female recognized by Indigenous groups across North America
two-spirit people
explain what happened to David Reimer in the case study called “assigning gender”
he was born with male traits and forced to undergo surgery and hormone treatment to change his biological sex to female
yet he still continues to see himself as a part of the male sex category
committed suicide in 2004
______ ________ divided the range of feminist theories into four categories
Beatrice Kachuck
name the 4 feminist theories according to Beatrice Kachuck
Liberal feminism
Essential Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Postmodernism Feminism
what does liberal feminism say about gender
argues that gender is an artificial social construct that has been used to assign men and women different roles, rights, and opportunities based on perceived differences in intellect
what does liberal feminism aim to do
aims to secure rights for women in all phases of public life, including access to education, jobs, and pay equality
what does essential feminism say about men and women
that they are essentially different in the way they think
social feminists revised _______ to account for ______ in the analyses of society
Marxism to account for gender in the analyses of gender
“Men for example see the world in terms of competition and opposition to others, and they have created a social world based on the paradigms of dominance and subordination
Women in contrast, view the world in terms of unities”
what type of feminism doe this reflect
essential feminism
According to this theory, there is insight to be gained from looking at the intersections of oppression between class and gender
what feminist theory does this refer to
socialist feminism
__________ feminism takes a strong social constructionist position, making it almost opposed to essentialist feminism
postmodernism feminism
what is meant by social constructionism
the idea that there is no natural basis for identities based on gender, ethnicity, “race,” and so on
Some post modernists dispute the existence of _________ ______ categories.
biological sex
“It is impossible to form scientific, universally relevant accounts of what it means to be male or female”
What feminist theory does this correlate with
postmodernism feminism
Postmodernists see women as ______ rather than ______
subjects rather than objects
_______ theory disputes the idea that male and female genders are natural binary opposites
queer
who is the founder of queer theory
Judith bulter
Canada was the first country in the world to add a ____-____ _____ and _____ questions to their 2021 census
two-step sex and gender questions
_____ ______ refers to who someone is attracted to
sexual orientation
Prior to the 19th century homosexuality was viewed as _________ acts as opposed to ________ of sexuality
abominable
feature
what terms did not exist prior to the 19th century (in relation to sexuality)
homosexuality and heterosexuality
the _________ of an _________ _______ occurs when a particular job, profession, or industry comes to be dominated by or predominately associated with women
The Feminization of an occupational sphere
The Feminization of an occupational sphere refers to the term _________ because it is the most efficient way to run a task
taylorism
what does in mean from an occupation to be gendered
one sex will be overrepresented among the people engaged in certain kinds of work or a particular program of study
nursing is gendered toward women through words like “caring” and “nurturing”
When people find themselves in a gendered jobs where they belong to the minority sex, it can affect their ______ _______
gender performance
______ _______ coined four performances of masculinity - essentially four ways of acting out male gender roles
Raewyn Connell
what were Raewyn Connell’s four proposed performances of masculinity
Hemogenic
Subordinate
marginalized
complicit
_______ masculinity refers to those that serve to normalize and naturalize men’s dominance and women’s subordination
hemogenic
________ masculinity refers to behaviors and presentations of self that could threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity
subordinate
________ masculinity represents the adaptation of masculinities to such issues as race and class
marginalized
________ masculinity refers to those that do not embody hemogenic processes, but benefit from the way in which hemogenic masculinities construct the gender order and local gender regimes
complicit
______ _____ represents the percentage of uni graduates in jobs requiring a high school diploma or less - in other words, jobs for which that expensive university education really isn’t required
mismatch rate
Overall, women STEM graduates have a much _______ employment mismatch rate than their male counterparts
higher
______ and ______ often intersect to amplify oppression
gender and race
There have been two periods of Filipino immigration. The first brought _______, mostly women, while the second brought _______, who suffer more from the ___________ of gender and “race” than did the earlier generation of Filipino immigrants
nurses
nannies
intersectionality of gender
the Filipino women who immigrated were more vulnerable to what? why?
vulnerable to exploitation and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse
because they were not women and visible minorities (intersectionality)
Women who dress in masculine styles are known as _____, an Arabic word akin to “tomboy” and sometimes translated as “transsexual”
boyat
Transgender workers are “______-______ workers”
“purple-collar workers”
Call center work is referred to as ______-collar labor
_______-collar work associated with skills and unskilled trades
______-collar work associated with female-defined jobs
______-collar is office work
call center work = purple
skilled and unskilled trades = blue
female-defined jobs = pink
office work = white `
________ ___________: refers to the fact that transwomen workers are not working together in one group but are spread out over all the worksites in “patterned inclusions”
systematically disperesed
The entertainer’s role is associated with what are called _____
bakla
what are some jobs usually associated with bakla
are hairstylist, beautician, designer, club entertainer, wedding planner, sex worker
______ refers to a male-assigned person who has adopted a feminine gender expression
bakla
_______ refers to the feelings of sexual desire and attraction and how these are expressed; like sex and gender
sexuality
_______ ______ is the idea that bisexuality does not exist (they are confused)
bisexual erasure
______ experience more ______ than gays experience homophobia
bisexuals
biphobia
________ is what makes heterosexuality seem coherent, natural and privileged. It involves the assumption that everyone is ‘naturally’ heterosexual, and that heterosexuality is an ideal, superior to homosexuality or bisexuality.
heteronormativity
______ is the sexual attraction only once an emotional connection is formed
demisexual`
______ is the attraction to those of all sexes and genders
pansexual
________ is the attraction to people of high intelligence
sapiosexual
_______ is the sexual attraction to breasts, vaginas and femininity
gynesexual
what are primary sex characteristics
body structures that allow us to distinguish between males and females
penis or pussy
what are secondary sex characteristics
not directly related to reproduction that allow us to distinguish males and females
(height, facial hair, body mass, breasts)
emerge through puberty
some socially constructed such as facial hair
Not everyone fits within _____ ______. Some people are born intersex
sex binaries
1 in 1600 births are not born with ____ or ____ chromosomes
XX or XY
Masculine: strength, aggression, dominance
Feminine: caring, nurture
these are socially constructed _____ _____
gender traits
the _______ feminist view says that sexuality is fluid
the _______ feminist view says that gender is determined biologically
postmodernist
essentialist
Some, but not all, transgender individuals seek surgery and/or hormonal treatment to have make their _______ ______ align to their _______ ______
biological sex align with their gender identity
settler colonial culture made Indigenous communities abandon the idea of _____-_____ people and accept ______ gender
two-spirit
binary
there is flexibility in our ________ expression
flexibility
_______ _____ describe how men should behave and present themselves in public
masculine roles
males are expected to be aggressive and tough, and take more risks which is limiting to men.
Therefore, men have a shorter _____ ________ than women
life expectancy than women
what was Canada the first to add to their census (relating to sex and gender)
a two-step gender question
what are the two questions in the Canadian census’ two step gender question
- what is your sex at birth (male or female)
- what is your current gender identity (male, female or other, please identity)
Canada was the first to include a question about _____ on a census, giving a ____ _____ to this group
gender
statistical identity
non-binary and transgender people are generally _____ in age; especially ______ people
younger
especially non-binary
where do non-binary people commonly live
in Canada’s largest urban areas, particularly in large downtown cores
More transgender ____ than transgender _____
men
woman
the assumption that everyone should be heterosexual and that heterosexuals are superior is ________
heteronormativity
Prior to the _____th century homosexuality was viewed as sinful acts rather than a feature of sexuality
19th
The term homosexual and heterosexual did not exist until _____ in the United States until coined the terms
1892
____ ______ was the first to study homosexuality and coined the term “sexual inversion”
Karl Westphal
_______ ________ said that homosexuality was a feature of sexuality
Richard von Kreafft-Ebing
Richar Von Krafft-Ebing argued for non-_______ interventions to _______ such as materbation, and hypnosis
non-punitive
homosexuality
_______ earn less than any other sexuality
bisexuals
what is Bi erasure
the view that bisexuality does not exist as a real sexual orientation
______ is an umbrella term used to describe people who are not heterosexual
queer
transgender is not a ______
sexuality
most transgenders say they are _______ (in sexuality), some also say they are _______
pansexual
some heterosexual
who said that sexual orientation exists on a continuum
Alfred Kinsey
in Sexual Behavior of the Human Male (1948)
from Britain’s 3rd National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, they found that more _____ experience same sex attraction and have done same sex behavior
women
_______ ______ (2003) looked at the explanations of homosexuality:
Graham Robb
what were some of graham robb’s explainations of homosexuality
(name at least like 3)
Climate affects homosexuality
Excessive meat eating
Too much masturbation
Homosexual people are under evolved
Parents with a huge age gap
Etc.
Was graham robb’s explanations of homosexuality true?
no
they have bee discounted because there is no scientific consensus for why someone holds heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual orientation
in terms of sexuality, the ______ we use are a choice, but how we _____ is not
labels
feel
There is no ‘gay gene’ but there are researchers have said that there is a cluster of genetic markers that can explain or suggest homosexuality within 8-25% of that variation
thus there is ______ genetic influence
little
what is situational homosexuality
when someone departs from their personal interests because of deprivation or environmental factors
eg. men turning gay when they’re locked up
there is gender _______ that occurs for children in the classroom
classrooms can reinforce gender _____
socialization
roles
how do classrooms reinforce gender roles?
Girls fade in the background of the classroom as they get more attention
Boys who follow girl gender roles and are quiet tend to fade in the background as well
teachers give boys more praise, criticism, acceptance, remediation
but girls do better grade wise, and generally perceived as more behaved
according to ____ _______ gay boys do better than straight boys in school due to ________ norms that deteriorate academics
Joe middleton
masculine norms
eg. being a nerdy boy is not coherent with the hegemonic masculine roles which are imposed
explain why we see more men in STEM
women make less in the same jobs of these feilds
textbooks use more examples with boys
women can choose to switch majors when they feel like they are a minority
They can leak out of that pipeline of STEM occupations so we see more men in STEM occupations
the norms and beliefs people learn in education that are non-intentional are known as the _______ _______
hidden curriculum
_______ _______ was the functionalist who wrote about the family and argued that men and women perform vital and different functions. And the way to allocate different tasks is to allocate them.
Talcott Carsons
what did Talcott Carsons say was the role of women, men, and the purpose of couples?
women are innately better at household activities
men better equipped to specialize in labor
couples should specialize in these activities, and remain in them so they can maximize utility
“gender roles and division of labor in the household is the consequence of capitalism
Men have their labor exploited, in the same way, women are exploited in the household, they aren’t compensated for all that labor by society”
what theory proposes this
conflict
the _______ theories explain how we understand gender and develop gender identities
interactionist theories
______ and _________ took a symbolic interactionist perspective and argued that we perform our gender by what we wear, how we present ourselves, how we interact with each other
West and Zimmerman
“there are inequalities in education, occupation, economics, and social institutions that develop different opportunities for men and women. We must fix barriers in employment by fighting for equal pay, anti-discrimination etc…”
what theory is this
Liberal Feminist
________ is the polar opposite of post-modernist theory
essentialist
“the only way to crate total equality is to overthrow the capitalist system”
what theory
social/Marxist theory
“There is no difference between men and women and society and socialization create these differences”
what theory
postmodern feminist theory
“men and women are essentially different, both in the way they think and engage with the world
Men see the world in competition while women are more passionate”
what theory
essentialist
Based on hourly wage, women are earning 16.6% less than men
name the causes of this
Hint: there are 7
weeks and hours worked
educational attainment
field of study choice
industry of employment (type of firm)
Occupation
On-the-site-job training
Motherhood penalties vs. fatherhood premiums
_____ earn more when they have children and ______ earn less
men - more
women - less
most research on the wage gap focuses on what two things to explain it
do women value other aspects of their job other than pay?
do they face discrimination
give an example of how women might value other aspects of their life other than pay
Ex: willing to take lower pay for more flexibility to handle the expectations of their gender role like raising children
give an example of how women are discriminated against
On whom gets the job based off resumes
They say male applicants are more fit for the job and therefore subject to higher pay
