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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 9 - Gender, Sex and Sexuality > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Gender, Sex and Sexuality Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

differentiate between gender and sex

A

sex - biological traits that societies use to categorize ppl as male or female

gender - the cultural meaning that societies attach to sex categories - the behaviors considered as “normal’ for a person of a particular sex

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2
Q

British Sociologist _____ _____ was amongst the first to formally distinguish sex from gender in a sociological way, characterizing sex as a biological construction and gender as a social one

A

Ann Oakley

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3
Q

_______ and _________ distinguished between a person’s sec and sex category

A

West and Zimmerman

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4
Q

Candace West and Don Zimmerman said that sex was based on _______, and that a person ______ a sex category that does not correspond to their ________ sex

A

biology

adopt

assigned

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5
Q

How did Candace West and Don Zimmerman say you could adopt a sex category that does not correspond to one’s assigned sex

A

by taking on the manners and behaviors that society associates with that sex category

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6
Q

______ ______ is one’s deeply held perceptions of one’s gender - which gender (if any) one identifies with

A

gender identity

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7
Q

gender expression is _____

A

fluid

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8
Q

who said that “we perform everyday like a role”

A

Zimmerman `

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9
Q

________ is the expectation to be aggressive, tough and dominant

A

hypermasculinity

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10
Q

what are female roles

A

the norm to be a caregiver

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11
Q

what affect do female roles have on women

A

can limit women’s entry into the labor market

limit the number of hours they work

can cause a wage gap

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12
Q

______ ______ refers to a set of attitudes and expectations concerning behavior that relates to the sex we are assigned at birth

A

gender role

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13
Q

gender role is like a _____ role; it is the part that corresponds to the ____ _______ we identify with

A

movie role

corresponds to the sex category we identify with

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14
Q

how is gender role learned? what happens when girls and boys transgress their gender role?

A

learned through play

they are labelled something which attempts to diverge them into their hegemony role (girl called tomboy, boy called fag)

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15
Q

_______ is anyone born with both “male” and “female” sexual characteristics

A

intersex

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16
Q

intersex may identify with ______ sex category

A

either (female or male)

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17
Q

intersex people are not born within sex ________

A

binaries

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18
Q

Some people do not have xx or xy chromosomes, or have hormonal differences that can cause genital ambiguity such as what?

A

micropenis

enlarged clitoris

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19
Q

_________ are people who o not identify with their assigned sex. Someone whose lived identity does not conform with their gender role associated with their assigned sex

A

transgender

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20
Q

_______ ________ are people who identify as neither male no female; or as male one day and female another day

A

gender nonconforming

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21
Q

________ is someone who feels affinity with the socially constructed sex category they were assigned at birth, typically this is male or female in Western society

A

Cisgender

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22
Q

______-_____ people is the umbrella term to describe those who identify with one of the many gender roles beyond male and female recognized by Indigenous groups across North America

A

two-spirit people

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23
Q

explain what happened to David Reimer in the case study called “assigning gender”

A

he was born with male traits and forced to undergo surgery and hormone treatment to change his biological sex to female

yet he still continues to see himself as a part of the male sex category

committed suicide in 2004

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24
Q

______ ________ divided the range of feminist theories into four categories

A

Beatrice Kachuck

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25
Q

name the 4 feminist theories according to Beatrice Kachuck

A

Liberal feminism
Essential Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Postmodernism Feminism

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26
Q

what does liberal feminism say about gender

A

argues that gender is an artificial social construct that has been used to assign men and women different roles, rights, and opportunities based on perceived differences in intellect

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27
Q

what does liberal feminism aim to do

A

aims to secure rights for women in all phases of public life, including access to education, jobs, and pay equality

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28
Q

what does essential feminism say about men and women

A

that they are essentially different in the way they think

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29
Q

social feminists revised _______ to account for ______ in the analyses of society

A

Marxism to account for gender in the analyses of gender

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30
Q

“Men for example see the world in terms of competition and opposition to others, and they have created a social world based on the paradigms of dominance and subordination
Women in contrast, view the world in terms of unities”

what type of feminism doe this reflect

A

essential feminism

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31
Q

According to this theory, there is insight to be gained from looking at the intersections of oppression between class and gender

what feminist theory does this refer to

A

socialist feminism

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32
Q

__________ feminism takes a strong social constructionist position, making it almost opposed to essentialist feminism

A

postmodernism feminism

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33
Q

what is meant by social constructionism

A

the idea that there is no natural basis for identities based on gender, ethnicity, “race,” and so on

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34
Q

Some post modernists dispute the existence of _________ ______ categories.

A

biological sex

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35
Q

“It is impossible to form scientific, universally relevant accounts of what it means to be male or female”

What feminist theory does this correlate with

A

postmodernism feminism

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36
Q

Postmodernists see women as ______ rather than ______

A

subjects rather than objects

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37
Q

_______ theory disputes the idea that male and female genders are natural binary opposites

A

queer

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38
Q

who is the founder of queer theory

A

Judith bulter

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39
Q

Canada was the first country in the world to add a ____-____ _____ and _____ questions to their 2021 census

A

two-step sex and gender questions

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40
Q

_____ ______ refers to who someone is attracted to

A

sexual orientation

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41
Q

Prior to the 19th century homosexuality was viewed as _________ acts as opposed to ________ of sexuality

A

abominable

feature

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42
Q

what terms did not exist prior to the 19th century (in relation to sexuality)

A

homosexuality and heterosexuality

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43
Q

the _________ of an _________ _______ occurs when a particular job, profession, or industry comes to be dominated by or predominately associated with women

A

The Feminization of an occupational sphere

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44
Q

The Feminization of an occupational sphere refers to the term _________ because it is the most efficient way to run a task

A

taylorism

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45
Q

what does in mean from an occupation to be gendered

A

one sex will be overrepresented among the people engaged in certain kinds of work or a particular program of study

nursing is gendered toward women through words like “caring” and “nurturing”

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46
Q

When people find themselves in a gendered jobs where they belong to the minority sex, it can affect their ______ _______

A

gender performance

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47
Q

______ _______ coined four performances of masculinity - essentially four ways of acting out male gender roles

A

Raewyn Connell

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48
Q

what were Raewyn Connell’s four proposed performances of masculinity

A

Hemogenic
Subordinate
marginalized
complicit

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49
Q

_______ masculinity refers to those that serve to normalize and naturalize men’s dominance and women’s subordination

A

hemogenic

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50
Q

________ masculinity refers to behaviors and presentations of self that could threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity

A

subordinate

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51
Q

________ masculinity represents the adaptation of masculinities to such issues as race and class

A

marginalized

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52
Q

________ masculinity refers to those that do not embody hemogenic processes, but benefit from the way in which hemogenic masculinities construct the gender order and local gender regimes

A

complicit

53
Q

______ _____ represents the percentage of uni graduates in jobs requiring a high school diploma or less - in other words, jobs for which that expensive university education really isn’t required

A

mismatch rate

54
Q

Overall, women STEM graduates have a much _______ employment mismatch rate than their male counterparts

A

higher

55
Q

______ and ______ often intersect to amplify oppression

A

gender and race

56
Q

There have been two periods of Filipino immigration. The first brought _______, mostly women, while the second brought _______, who suffer more from the ___________ of gender and “race” than did the earlier generation of Filipino immigrants

A

nurses
nannies
intersectionality of gender

57
Q

the Filipino women who immigrated were more vulnerable to what? why?

A

vulnerable to exploitation and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse

because they were not women and visible minorities (intersectionality)

58
Q

Women who dress in masculine styles are known as _____, an Arabic word akin to “tomboy” and sometimes translated as “transsexual”

A

boyat

59
Q

Transgender workers are “______-______ workers”

A

“purple-collar workers”

60
Q

Call center work is referred to as ______-collar labor
_______-collar work associated with skills and unskilled trades
______-collar work associated with female-defined jobs
______-collar is office work

A

call center work = purple
skilled and unskilled trades = blue
female-defined jobs = pink
office work = white `

61
Q

________ ___________: refers to the fact that transwomen workers are not working together in one group but are spread out over all the worksites in “patterned inclusions”

A

systematically disperesed

62
Q

The entertainer’s role is associated with what are called _____

A

bakla

63
Q

what are some jobs usually associated with bakla

A

are hairstylist, beautician, designer, club entertainer, wedding planner, sex worker

64
Q

______ refers to a male-assigned person who has adopted a feminine gender expression

A

bakla

65
Q

_______ refers to the feelings of sexual desire and attraction and how these are expressed; like sex and gender

A

sexuality

66
Q

_______ ______ is the idea that bisexuality does not exist (they are confused)

A

bisexual erasure

67
Q

______ experience more ______ than gays experience homophobia

A

bisexuals

biphobia

68
Q

________ is what makes heterosexuality seem coherent, natural and privileged. It involves the assumption that everyone is ‘naturally’ heterosexual, and that heterosexuality is an ideal, superior to homosexuality or bisexuality.

A

heteronormativity

69
Q

______ is the sexual attraction only once an emotional connection is formed

A

demisexual`

70
Q

______ is the attraction to those of all sexes and genders

A

pansexual

71
Q

________ is the attraction to people of high intelligence

A

sapiosexual

72
Q

_______ is the sexual attraction to breasts, vaginas and femininity

A

gynesexual

73
Q

what are primary sex characteristics

A

body structures that allow us to distinguish between males and females

penis or pussy

74
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics

A

not directly related to reproduction that allow us to distinguish males and females
(height, facial hair, body mass, breasts)
emerge through puberty
some socially constructed such as facial hair

75
Q

Not everyone fits within _____ ______. Some people are born intersex

A

sex binaries

76
Q

1 in 1600 births are not born with ____ or ____ chromosomes

A

XX or XY

77
Q

Masculine: strength, aggression, dominance
Feminine: caring, nurture

these are socially constructed _____ _____

A

gender traits

78
Q

the _______ feminist view says that sexuality is fluid

the _______ feminist view says that gender is determined biologically

A

postmodernist

essentialist

79
Q

Some, but not all, transgender individuals seek surgery and/or hormonal treatment to have make their _______ ______ align to their _______ ______

A

biological sex align with their gender identity

80
Q

settler colonial culture made Indigenous communities abandon the idea of _____-_____ people and accept ______ gender

A

two-spirit

binary

81
Q

there is flexibility in our ________ expression

A

flexibility

82
Q

_______ _____ describe how men should behave and present themselves in public

A

masculine roles

83
Q

males are expected to be aggressive and tough, and take more risks which is limiting to men.
Therefore, men have a shorter _____ ________ than women

A

life expectancy than women

84
Q

what was Canada the first to add to their census (relating to sex and gender)

A

a two-step gender question

85
Q

what are the two questions in the Canadian census’ two step gender question

A
  1. what is your sex at birth (male or female)
  2. what is your current gender identity (male, female or other, please identity)
86
Q

Canada was the first to include a question about _____ on a census, giving a ____ _____ to this group

A

gender

statistical identity

87
Q

non-binary and transgender people are generally _____ in age; especially ______ people

A

younger

especially non-binary

88
Q

where do non-binary people commonly live

A

in Canada’s largest urban areas, particularly in large downtown cores

89
Q

More transgender ____ than transgender _____

A

men

woman

90
Q

the assumption that everyone should be heterosexual and that heterosexuals are superior is ________

A

heteronormativity

91
Q

Prior to the _____th century homosexuality was viewed as sinful acts rather than a feature of sexuality

A

19th

92
Q

The term homosexual and heterosexual did not exist until _____ in the United States until coined the terms

A

1892

93
Q

____ ______ was the first to study homosexuality and coined the term “sexual inversion”

A

Karl Westphal

94
Q

_______ ________ said that homosexuality was a feature of sexuality

A

Richard von Kreafft-Ebing

95
Q

Richar Von Krafft-Ebing argued for non-_______ interventions to _______ such as materbation, and hypnosis

A

non-punitive

homosexuality

96
Q

_______ earn less than any other sexuality

A

bisexuals

97
Q

what is Bi erasure

A

the view that bisexuality does not exist as a real sexual orientation

98
Q

______ is an umbrella term used to describe people who are not heterosexual

A

queer

99
Q

transgender is not a ______

A

sexuality

100
Q

most transgenders say they are _______ (in sexuality), some also say they are _______

A

pansexual

some heterosexual

101
Q

who said that sexual orientation exists on a continuum

A

Alfred Kinsey

in Sexual Behavior of the Human Male (1948)

102
Q

from Britain’s 3rd National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, they found that more _____ experience same sex attraction and have done same sex behavior

A

women

103
Q

_______ ______ (2003) looked at the explanations of homosexuality:

A

Graham Robb

104
Q

what were some of graham robb’s explainations of homosexuality

(name at least like 3)

A

Climate affects homosexuality
Excessive meat eating
Too much masturbation
Homosexual people are under evolved
Parents with a huge age gap
Etc.

105
Q

Was graham robb’s explanations of homosexuality true?

A

no

they have bee discounted because there is no scientific consensus for why someone holds heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual orientation

106
Q

in terms of sexuality, the ______ we use are a choice, but how we _____ is not

A

labels

feel

107
Q

There is no ‘gay gene’ but there are researchers have said that there is a cluster of genetic markers that can explain or suggest homosexuality within 8-25% of that variation

thus there is ______ genetic influence

A

little

108
Q

what is situational homosexuality

A

when someone departs from their personal interests because of deprivation or environmental factors

eg. men turning gay when they’re locked up

109
Q

there is gender _______ that occurs for children in the classroom

classrooms can reinforce gender _____

A

socialization

roles

110
Q

how do classrooms reinforce gender roles?

A

Girls fade in the background of the classroom as they get more attention
Boys who follow girl gender roles and are quiet tend to fade in the background as well

teachers give boys more praise, criticism, acceptance, remediation

but girls do better grade wise, and generally perceived as more behaved

111
Q

according to ____ _______ gay boys do better than straight boys in school due to ________ norms that deteriorate academics

A

Joe middleton

masculine norms

eg. being a nerdy boy is not coherent with the hegemonic masculine roles which are imposed

112
Q

explain why we see more men in STEM

A

women make less in the same jobs of these feilds

textbooks use more examples with boys

women can choose to switch majors when they feel like they are a minority

They can leak out of that pipeline of STEM occupations so we see more men in STEM occupations

113
Q

the norms and beliefs people learn in education that are non-intentional are known as the _______ _______

A

hidden curriculum

114
Q

_______ _______ was the functionalist who wrote about the family and argued that men and women perform vital and different functions. And the way to allocate different tasks is to allocate them.

A

Talcott Carsons

115
Q

what did Talcott Carsons say was the role of women, men, and the purpose of couples?

A

women are innately better at household activities

men better equipped to specialize in labor

couples should specialize in these activities, and remain in them so they can maximize utility

116
Q

“gender roles and division of labor in the household is the consequence of capitalism
Men have their labor exploited, in the same way, women are exploited in the household, they aren’t compensated for all that labor by society”

what theory proposes this

A

conflict

117
Q

the _______ theories explain how we understand gender and develop gender identities

A

interactionist theories

118
Q

______ and _________ took a symbolic interactionist perspective and argued that we perform our gender by what we wear, how we present ourselves, how we interact with each other

A

West and Zimmerman

119
Q

“there are inequalities in education, occupation, economics, and social institutions that develop different opportunities for men and women. We must fix barriers in employment by fighting for equal pay, anti-discrimination etc…”

what theory is this

A

Liberal Feminist

120
Q

________ is the polar opposite of post-modernist theory

A

essentialist

121
Q

“the only way to crate total equality is to overthrow the capitalist system”

what theory

A

social/Marxist theory

122
Q

“There is no difference between men and women and society and socialization create these differences”

what theory

A

postmodern feminist theory

123
Q

“men and women are essentially different, both in the way they think and engage with the world
Men see the world in competition while women are more passionate”

what theory

A

essentialist

124
Q

Based on hourly wage, women are earning 16.6% less than men

name the causes of this

Hint: there are 7

A

weeks and hours worked
educational attainment
field of study choice
industry of employment (type of firm)
Occupation
On-the-site-job training
Motherhood penalties vs. fatherhood premiums

125
Q

_____ earn more when they have children and ______ earn less

A

men - more
women - less

126
Q

most research on the wage gap focuses on what two things to explain it

A

do women value other aspects of their job other than pay?

do they face discrimination

127
Q

give an example of how women might value other aspects of their life other than pay

A

Ex: willing to take lower pay for more flexibility to handle the expectations of their gender role like raising children

128
Q

give an example of how women are discriminated against

A

On whom gets the job based off resumes

They say male applicants are more fit for the job and therefore subject to higher pay

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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