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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 13 - Health and Ability > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Health and Ability Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ sociology is about generating sociological data to help governments and health professionals develop the policies that drive health care in this country

A

policy

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2
Q

_______ sociology focuses on the practices of multinational pharmaceutical companies, medical schools, and privately run, for-profit clinics and hospitals

A

critical

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3
Q

_________ Came up with the first medical sociology term which was ______ ______

A

Parsons

sick role

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4
Q

how did parsons define sick role (or patient role)

A

He argued that being sick came with certain expectations – four to be exact

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5
Q

what did parsons believe the four expectations were for sick role

A

1 - The person engaged in the sick role should expect to be granted “exemption from normal social responsibilities”

2- Patients should expect to be “taken care of” rather than taking care of themselves

3- Patients are socially obligated to try to “get well” rather than remain in the undesirable state of being ill

4- The sick person is socially obligated to “seek technically competent help” (in other words, the help of a qualified health professional)

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6
Q

The sick role according to Parsons, gives the individual license to be temporarily ________ with regards to the first 2 expectations

A

deviant

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7
Q

parsons was a ______ _____

A

structural functionalist

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8
Q

parsons learned that people in higher ________ groups were better able to afford to play the sick role

A

occupational

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9
Q

________ proposed new expectations for Canadians in the sick role

A

Emke

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10
Q

what were Emke’s new expectations for the sick role

A

First, “patents in the New Economy are responsible for their own illnesses”

Second, “the patient in the New Economy is instructed to tread lightly on the system”

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11
Q

_____ _____ is a course affected by sociological factors such as the ethnic background, culture, class, age, and sex of the people affected

A

social course

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12
Q

_______ is the application or use of Western scientific principles in the diagnosis and treatment of illness and disease

A

biomedicine

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13
Q

________ medicine is the term for approaches to treatment that fall outside of conventional biomedical practice
Ex: for a migraine, you might get prescribed to do yoga

A

alternative

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14
Q

_________ perspective attributes medical condition to single factors treatable with single remedies

A

reductionist

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15
Q

________ do not recognizing that just as there are different cultures in business, policing, or fashion, there are cultures of medicine, each with a unique approach to interpreting health and sickness

A

abolutist

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16
Q

_________ the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment.

A

medicalization

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17
Q

medicalization has been criticized as a form of _________

A

reductionism

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18
Q

Medicalization promotes the _________ of health by identifying certain normal conditions as diseases that may be treated with “commodity cures” (ex: drugs or procedures)

A

commodification

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19
Q

________ often makes normal seem deviant

A

medicalization

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20
Q

_______ was the pioneering Critic of Medicalization

A

Ivan Illich

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21
Q

Ivan Illich introduces the notion of _______ to sociology

A

medicalization

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22
Q

Ivan Illich developed the concept of medicalization as part of a critique of ______ ______ in industrial societies

A

radical monopolies

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23
Q

________ is a “doctor-generated epidemic” that is harming the health of citizens in industrialized society by taking away people’s freedom to heal themselves and prevent illness

A

iatrogenesis

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24
Q

________ is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, …

A

iatrogenesis

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25
Q

what are the three types of iatrogenesis

A

clinical
social
cultural

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26
Q

what is clinical iatrogenesis

A

refers to the various ways in which diagnosis and cure cause problems that are as bad or worse than the health problems they are meant to resolve

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27
Q

what is social iatrogenesis

A

occurs when political conditions that “render society unhealthy” are hidden or obscured

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28
Q

what is cultural iatrogenesis

A

occurs when patients are given no credit for their role in recovery: it’s all the result of the doctor’s work

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29
Q

what is Big Pharma

A

used to refer to the world’s large pharmaceutical companies, which reap enormous annual profits from developing, manufacturing, and marketing the drugs used to fight medical conditions

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30
Q

it is hard to get a job as an ______ doctor

A

immigrant

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31
Q

_____ communities are home to fewer and fewer doctors

A

rural

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32
Q

In developing countries, they have less _______ doctors because the costs to do so are high

A

trained

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33
Q

A disease becomes _________ when it is strongly associated with people of a particular racial or ethnic background, so that people of this background are treated negatively

A

racialized

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34
Q

Medical profession is becoming _______

A

feminized

percentage of women becoming doctors in CA in growing

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35
Q

First Canadian women to become doctors were ________ and ______

A

Jenny Trout and Emily Stowe

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36
Q

who introduced the inverse care law

A

Julian Trudor Hard

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37
Q

what is the inverse care law

A

“The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served”

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38
Q

Defining what a _______ is hard, to we use an operational definition

A

disability

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39
Q

what is the operational definition of a disability

A

“A physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, sense, or activities”

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40
Q

Postmodernist sociological theory teaches us to be suspicious of _______

A

bianaries

those either/or distinctions that are used to separate people in discrete categories such as male/female, black/white, heterosexual/homosexual

41
Q

______ is a pioneer in the sociological study of disability

A

Irving Zola

42
Q

Zola saw the need for an ________ discipline devoted to the study of disability in his town which had a lot of disabled ppl

A

academic

43
Q

_________ model is a framework for presenting and interpreting disability that is determined and directed by doctors, specialists, and other medical practitioners

A

medical

44
Q

the medical model of disability is a _______ model l that says that experts use science to determine treatments

A

positivist

45
Q

_______ models of disability are those that view people with disabilities in terms of their contributions to, or drain on, the economy

A

economic

46
Q

the _______ _________ model begins with the idea that any human social category (race, gender, ability, etc.) is not a totally natural category

A

social constructionist models

47
Q

_______ _______ theory is a social constructionist theory that makes a distinction between a natural impairment, on one hand, and disability, which can be understood as the barriers set up by society on dealing with that impairment

A

critical disability theory (CDT)

48
Q

CDT aims for ________ equality rather than _______ equality

A

substantive rather than formal

49
Q

what is substantive equality vs formal equality

A

Substantive equality would be building modifications that guarantee people with natural impairments equal accessibility to and within buildings (ex: ramps)

Under formal equality, everyone faces and must adapt to the same socially driven architecture

50
Q

_______ (1999) identifies three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability:

A

Groce

51
Q

what are the three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability according to groce

A

1 - causality (is the cultural reason for why disability occurs)

2- valued and devaluated attributes

3- anticipated adult status

52
Q

Social ________ studies the social determinates of health in a population

A

epidemiology

53
Q

social epidemiology looks at how social ______ can increase or decrease risks for _____

A

roles

disease

54
Q

health is _______ constructed

A

socially

55
Q

_______ sociology the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy

A

medical

56
Q

medical sociology look at doctor-patient ________ and their _____

A

relationships and their roles

57
Q

who coined the sick role

A

talcott parsons

58
Q

parsons was a _______

A

functionalist

59
Q

roles come with _______ of our behavior

A

expectations

60
Q

what is the sick role

A

how a sick person is expected to perform and the roles that that they take on

61
Q

name and explain the four roles of sick role

A

Exemption from normal social responsibilities
Focus on recovery, not go to work or school

Taken care of by others
Expectation that others will take care of them

Get well
Expected to get well and want to get well
Not doing so is seen as deviant

Seek competent help
Get help from a doctor, seek medical assistance

62
Q

Parsons says the sick role allows someone to be temporarily ________

A

deviant

63
Q

why does parsons think the sick role allows people to be tempolairily deviant

A

We say that some person should be productive, however when you’re sick your allowed to not do these social expectations

64
Q

why is it that not everyone can per form the sick role

A

Those in higher socioeconomic positions are more able to take on the sick role

those in lower have to work

65
Q

who was it who studied the emerging anti-psychotic movement in the 1900’s and challenged the psychiatric diagnoses

A

Dave Rosenhan

66
Q

Dave Rosenhan challenged the _______ and ______ of psychiatric diagnosis

A

reliability and validity

67
Q

what did David Rosenhan want to test reguarding psychiatric diagnosis’

A

He wanted to see if psychiatrists could distinguish between normal and not normal people

68
Q

distinguish between reliability and validity

A

Reliability: produced under the same conditions
Validity: the accuracy of a measure

69
Q

what were the results of Dave Rosenhan?

A

Had 9 Sudo patients and go to a psychiatric hospital and say they had auditory hallucinations (they were hearing voices)
They were surprised with how quickly the psychiatrics would say they were insane
They were almost immediately labeled as insane
They were admitted to the psychiatric hospital and stopped saying they were hearing voices
However, the psychiatrists labelled their normal behavior as abnormal behavior (as them being nervous)
In all the cases, the Sudo patients were labelled as being mentally ill and prescribed anti-psychotic medication
They couldn’t leave unless they agreed that they didn’t have a mental illness, agreed to take the medication, be labelled “in reminiscing”
They were never detected as imposters
Shows the powers of labels

70
Q

________ believed that life was meant to be hard, and depression is a myth because that is how its supposed to be, because when you get into heaven you get eternal happiness

A

Thomas Zsasg

71
Q

what happened during the epidemiological transition

A

beginning - high birth rates

as we transitioned - ppl have fewer children

death rates decline at first, and birth rate declines after

then a decline in fertility rate

72
Q

if during the epidemiological transition, they have very low fertility rates, then they are in a state called natural ________

A

decrease

73
Q

_______ was the first to undergo the demographic transition in 1760, they had declining death rate

A

france

74
Q

canada has _______ demographic transition

A

completed

75
Q

_____, ______ ______ and _______ are the top death causes in canada

A

cancer, heart disease and stroke

76
Q

_____ are more likely to die from accidents in canada

A

men

77
Q

______ are more likely to die from stroke in canada

A

women

78
Q

Accidents and suicide are top causes of death for those under____

A

45

79
Q

Those 45 and older are more likely to die from _______ ______ and _______

A

heart stroke and cancer

80
Q

The “actual” causes of illness can be attributed to _____

A

lifestyle

81
Q

what are some lifestyle choices that cause illness? how can they be addressed?

A

Tobacco use
Alcohol use and misuse
Poor diet and physical activity

Can be addressed through:
Eating habits
Physical inactivity
Overweight and obese

82
Q

______ have a higher life expectancy than ______

A

women

men

83
Q

As we move from the lower quintile to greatest quintile, life expectancy ________ for both men and women

A

increases

84
Q

The increase of life expectancy for men is greater with higher _______

A

SES

85
Q

why is SES the best determinant of life expectancy

A

Those with higher socioeconomic resources have access to more educational opportunities, clean water, healthy food, safer neighborhoods, control over their work

86
Q

If you are poor its harder to see the benefits of delayed ________

A

gratification

87
Q

_______ ______ is the state without being in reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable nutritious food

A

food insecurity

88
Q

_______ _______ are areas with little access to nutritious food

A

food deserts

89
Q

_____ of canadians have a mental health disorder

A

1/5

90
Q

Those who have poor mental health tend to have a low _____

A

SES

91
Q

______ _________hypothesis argues that the people with mental health disorders, tend to drift into low levels of socioeconomic status or prevented from rising out of a low socioeconomic status

A

social selection

92
Q

the social selection hypothesis argues that people with mental health disorders

A

have difficulty with school and work which leads to underemployment or unemployment

93
Q

the _______ _______ hypothesis argues that low socioeconomic status causes mental health problems

A

social causation

94
Q

________ the prevalence and pattern of disease in a population

A

morbidity

95
Q

_______ the instance and patterns of death in a population

A

mortality

96
Q

the ________ are more likely to experience morbidity, motality, degenerative diseases

A

indigenous

97
Q

why are immigrants healthier once they arrive to canada

A

our immigration policy require healthy immigrants, those more meathly are more likely to immigrate

98
Q

what happens to immigrants’ health over time

A

health declines

99
Q

______ dont come through the health system so they are less healthy than immigrants

A

refugees

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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