Chapter 13 - Health and Ability Flashcards
_______ sociology is about generating sociological data to help governments and health professionals develop the policies that drive health care in this country
policy
_______ sociology focuses on the practices of multinational pharmaceutical companies, medical schools, and privately run, for-profit clinics and hospitals
critical
_________ Came up with the first medical sociology term which was ______ ______
Parsons
sick role
how did parsons define sick role (or patient role)
He argued that being sick came with certain expectations – four to be exact
what did parsons believe the four expectations were for sick role
1 - The person engaged in the sick role should expect to be granted “exemption from normal social responsibilities”
2- Patients should expect to be “taken care of” rather than taking care of themselves
3- Patients are socially obligated to try to “get well” rather than remain in the undesirable state of being ill
4- The sick person is socially obligated to “seek technically competent help” (in other words, the help of a qualified health professional)
The sick role according to Parsons, gives the individual license to be temporarily ________ with regards to the first 2 expectations
deviant
parsons was a ______ _____
structural functionalist
parsons learned that people in higher ________ groups were better able to afford to play the sick role
occupational
________ proposed new expectations for Canadians in the sick role
Emke
what were Emke’s new expectations for the sick role
First, “patents in the New Economy are responsible for their own illnesses”
Second, “the patient in the New Economy is instructed to tread lightly on the system”
_____ _____ is a course affected by sociological factors such as the ethnic background, culture, class, age, and sex of the people affected
social course
_______ is the application or use of Western scientific principles in the diagnosis and treatment of illness and disease
biomedicine
________ medicine is the term for approaches to treatment that fall outside of conventional biomedical practice
Ex: for a migraine, you might get prescribed to do yoga
alternative
_________ perspective attributes medical condition to single factors treatable with single remedies
reductionist
________ do not recognizing that just as there are different cultures in business, policing, or fashion, there are cultures of medicine, each with a unique approach to interpreting health and sickness
abolutist
_________ the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment.
medicalization
medicalization has been criticized as a form of _________
reductionism
Medicalization promotes the _________ of health by identifying certain normal conditions as diseases that may be treated with “commodity cures” (ex: drugs or procedures)
commodification
________ often makes normal seem deviant
medicalization
_______ was the pioneering Critic of Medicalization
Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich introduces the notion of _______ to sociology
medicalization
Ivan Illich developed the concept of medicalization as part of a critique of ______ ______ in industrial societies
radical monopolies
________ is a “doctor-generated epidemic” that is harming the health of citizens in industrialized society by taking away people’s freedom to heal themselves and prevent illness
iatrogenesis
________ is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, …
iatrogenesis
what are the three types of iatrogenesis
clinical
social
cultural
what is clinical iatrogenesis
refers to the various ways in which diagnosis and cure cause problems that are as bad or worse than the health problems they are meant to resolve
what is social iatrogenesis
occurs when political conditions that “render society unhealthy” are hidden or obscured
what is cultural iatrogenesis
occurs when patients are given no credit for their role in recovery: it’s all the result of the doctor’s work
what is Big Pharma
used to refer to the world’s large pharmaceutical companies, which reap enormous annual profits from developing, manufacturing, and marketing the drugs used to fight medical conditions
it is hard to get a job as an ______ doctor
immigrant
_____ communities are home to fewer and fewer doctors
rural
In developing countries, they have less _______ doctors because the costs to do so are high
trained
A disease becomes _________ when it is strongly associated with people of a particular racial or ethnic background, so that people of this background are treated negatively
racialized
Medical profession is becoming _______
feminized
percentage of women becoming doctors in CA in growing
First Canadian women to become doctors were ________ and ______
Jenny Trout and Emily Stowe
who introduced the inverse care law
Julian Trudor Hard
what is the inverse care law
“The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served”
Defining what a _______ is hard, to we use an operational definition
disability
what is the operational definition of a disability
“A physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, sense, or activities”
Postmodernist sociological theory teaches us to be suspicious of _______
bianaries
those either/or distinctions that are used to separate people in discrete categories such as male/female, black/white, heterosexual/homosexual
______ is a pioneer in the sociological study of disability
Irving Zola
Zola saw the need for an ________ discipline devoted to the study of disability in his town which had a lot of disabled ppl
academic
_________ model is a framework for presenting and interpreting disability that is determined and directed by doctors, specialists, and other medical practitioners
medical
the medical model of disability is a _______ model l that says that experts use science to determine treatments
positivist
_______ models of disability are those that view people with disabilities in terms of their contributions to, or drain on, the economy
economic
the _______ _________ model begins with the idea that any human social category (race, gender, ability, etc.) is not a totally natural category
social constructionist models
_______ _______ theory is a social constructionist theory that makes a distinction between a natural impairment, on one hand, and disability, which can be understood as the barriers set up by society on dealing with that impairment
critical disability theory (CDT)
CDT aims for ________ equality rather than _______ equality
substantive rather than formal
what is substantive equality vs formal equality
Substantive equality would be building modifications that guarantee people with natural impairments equal accessibility to and within buildings (ex: ramps)
Under formal equality, everyone faces and must adapt to the same socially driven architecture
_______ (1999) identifies three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability:
Groce
what are the three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability according to groce
1 - causality (is the cultural reason for why disability occurs)
2- valued and devaluated attributes
3- anticipated adult status
Social ________ studies the social determinates of health in a population
epidemiology
social epidemiology looks at how social ______ can increase or decrease risks for _____
roles
disease
health is _______ constructed
socially
_______ sociology the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy
medical
medical sociology look at doctor-patient ________ and their _____
relationships and their roles
who coined the sick role
talcott parsons
parsons was a _______
functionalist
roles come with _______ of our behavior
expectations
what is the sick role
how a sick person is expected to perform and the roles that that they take on
name and explain the four roles of sick role
Exemption from normal social responsibilities
Focus on recovery, not go to work or school
Taken care of by others
Expectation that others will take care of them
Get well
Expected to get well and want to get well
Not doing so is seen as deviant
Seek competent help
Get help from a doctor, seek medical assistance
Parsons says the sick role allows someone to be temporarily ________
deviant
why does parsons think the sick role allows people to be tempolairily deviant
We say that some person should be productive, however when you’re sick your allowed to not do these social expectations
why is it that not everyone can per form the sick role
Those in higher socioeconomic positions are more able to take on the sick role
those in lower have to work
who was it who studied the emerging anti-psychotic movement in the 1900’s and challenged the psychiatric diagnoses
Dave Rosenhan
Dave Rosenhan challenged the _______ and ______ of psychiatric diagnosis
reliability and validity
what did David Rosenhan want to test reguarding psychiatric diagnosis’
He wanted to see if psychiatrists could distinguish between normal and not normal people
distinguish between reliability and validity
Reliability: produced under the same conditions
Validity: the accuracy of a measure
what were the results of Dave Rosenhan?
Had 9 Sudo patients and go to a psychiatric hospital and say they had auditory hallucinations (they were hearing voices)
They were surprised with how quickly the psychiatrics would say they were insane
They were almost immediately labeled as insane
They were admitted to the psychiatric hospital and stopped saying they were hearing voices
However, the psychiatrists labelled their normal behavior as abnormal behavior (as them being nervous)
In all the cases, the Sudo patients were labelled as being mentally ill and prescribed anti-psychotic medication
They couldn’t leave unless they agreed that they didn’t have a mental illness, agreed to take the medication, be labelled “in reminiscing”
They were never detected as imposters
Shows the powers of labels
________ believed that life was meant to be hard, and depression is a myth because that is how its supposed to be, because when you get into heaven you get eternal happiness
Thomas Zsasg
what happened during the epidemiological transition
beginning - high birth rates
as we transitioned - ppl have fewer children
death rates decline at first, and birth rate declines after
then a decline in fertility rate
if during the epidemiological transition, they have very low fertility rates, then they are in a state called natural ________
decrease
_______ was the first to undergo the demographic transition in 1760, they had declining death rate
france
canada has _______ demographic transition
completed
_____, ______ ______ and _______ are the top death causes in canada
cancer, heart disease and stroke
_____ are more likely to die from accidents in canada
men
______ are more likely to die from stroke in canada
women
Accidents and suicide are top causes of death for those under____
45
Those 45 and older are more likely to die from _______ ______ and _______
heart stroke and cancer
The “actual” causes of illness can be attributed to _____
lifestyle
what are some lifestyle choices that cause illness? how can they be addressed?
Tobacco use
Alcohol use and misuse
Poor diet and physical activity
Can be addressed through:
Eating habits
Physical inactivity
Overweight and obese
______ have a higher life expectancy than ______
women
men
As we move from the lower quintile to greatest quintile, life expectancy ________ for both men and women
increases
The increase of life expectancy for men is greater with higher _______
SES
why is SES the best determinant of life expectancy
Those with higher socioeconomic resources have access to more educational opportunities, clean water, healthy food, safer neighborhoods, control over their work
If you are poor its harder to see the benefits of delayed ________
gratification
_______ ______ is the state without being in reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable nutritious food
food insecurity
_______ _______ are areas with little access to nutritious food
food deserts
_____ of canadians have a mental health disorder
1/5
Those who have poor mental health tend to have a low _____
SES
______ _________hypothesis argues that the people with mental health disorders, tend to drift into low levels of socioeconomic status or prevented from rising out of a low socioeconomic status
social selection
the social selection hypothesis argues that people with mental health disorders
have difficulty with school and work which leads to underemployment or unemployment
the _______ _______ hypothesis argues that low socioeconomic status causes mental health problems
social causation
________ the prevalence and pattern of disease in a population
morbidity
_______ the instance and patterns of death in a population
mortality
the ________ are more likely to experience morbidity, motality, degenerative diseases
indigenous
why are immigrants healthier once they arrive to canada
our immigration policy require healthy immigrants, those more meathly are more likely to immigrate
what happens to immigrants’ health over time
health declines
______ dont come through the health system so they are less healthy than immigrants
refugees
