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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 5 - Social Roles, Interaction and Organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Social Roles, Interaction and Organisation Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______ is a recognized social position that a person occupies that imposes responsibilities and expectations

A

status

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2
Q

what is status set

A

a collection of statuses that you have

eg. a teacher, brother, drummer, taxpayer, adult, etc..

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3
Q

what is acheived status

A

you entered it at some stage in your life but weren’t born into it

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4
Q

what is ascribed status

A

one you were born into

Eg. daughter, black

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5
Q

the degree to which a status is achieved or ascribed depends on how much _____ _______ exists

A

social mobility

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6
Q

In a society with little social mobility, where small ruling elites dominates, the statuses of president, judge, or rich business owners can be more ______ than ______

A

ascribed than achieved

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7
Q

the process of someone’s appearance not clearly putting them into a group can sometimes achieve a racial status that society judges to be more favorable is known as _______

Eg. middle eastern passing as white

A

passing

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8
Q

sexual orientation is primarily an _____ status while it is _______ for some

A

Sexual orientation is primarily an ascribed status while it is natural for some

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9
Q

______ ________ introduced master status in “Dilemmas and Contractions of Status” (1945)

A

Everett C. Hughes

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10
Q

what is master status

A

signifies the status that dominates all of an individual’s other statuses in most social contexts

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11
Q

Statuses can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power which is referred to as the _____ ________

A

status hierarchy

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12
Q

what is status consistency vs status inconsistency

A

Status consistency: is the condition a person experiences when all their statuses fall in the same range as their social hierarchy

Status inconsistency: cases when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align
Ex: a middle-aged white man born into wealth but works as a receptionist

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13
Q

he process by which groups are assigned into categories that set them at or beyond the margins of the dominant society is known as __________

A

marginalization

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14
Q

a set of behaviors and attitudes associated with a particular status is known as a ______

A

role

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15
Q

who developed the idea of the role set

A

Robert Merton

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16
Q

what is a role set

A

comprises all the roles that are attached to a particular status

Ex: as professors, we have the role of teacher to our students, but we are also colleagues to our peers, employees to our schools

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17
Q

_____ ______ develops when there is a conflict between roles within the role set of a particular status

A

role strain

eg. if a student complains to his instructor about a teacher in another class, the instructor is placed in a conflict between her role as educator, in which she has the student’s best interests at heart, and her role as a colleague, in which she must be loyal to the other professor

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18
Q

______ ________ occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold

A

role conflict

Ex: You are a mother and university student, it’s the night before an exam and you must study, however your daughter needs help with homework

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19
Q

_____ _____ is the process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one’s identity, and attempting to establish a new role

A

Role exit

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20
Q

In small group settings, statuses can be a valuable way to establish the ______ order, or who is __ _____

A

In small group settings, statuses can be a valuable way to establish the pecking order, or who is in charge

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21
Q

The study of small-group interaction started with German sociologist, Georg _____ (1858-1918)

He was among the first to narrow his focus to the ______ ___ __ ____ social interactions

A

George Simmel

He was among the first to narrow his focus to the daily one-on-one social interactions of individuals

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22
Q

a study done by Fredrick ______ (1892-1962) whose classic study of gangs in Chicago represents a study of group interaction rooted in fieldwork

A

Fredrick Thrasher (1892-1962) whose classic study of gangs in Chicago represents a study of group interaction rooted in fieldwork

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23
Q

William I. Thomas
Showed that the way people _______ their own lives was a sociological element well worth studying
“situations we define as real become real in their consequences”

A

interpret

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24
Q

In sociology, everyone has _______ statuses

A

multiple

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25
Q

A social status that you were born into or entered into involuntarily is

A

an ascribed status

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26
Q

Everett C. Hughes called a social status that dominates an individual’s other statuses

A

a master status

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27
Q

When a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align, they are experiencing

A

status inconsistency

28
Q

A set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status is

A

a role

29
Q

A person who is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more of their statuses is experiencing

A

role conflict

30
Q

The process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one’s identity is called

A

role exit

31
Q

RObert F Bles developed a system of coding got social interaction in small groups called ______ _____ _______ (IPA)

A

Interaction process analysis (IPA)

32
Q

William I. Thomas’s theorem called “the thomas theorem” holds that (hint its the quote)

A

“the situations we define as real become real in their consequences”

this influences symbolic interactionism including the definition of the situation

33
Q

the thomas theorem influenced the term “definition of the situation”. Define it

A

the term refers to te notion that two or more people might define a given situation differently and in contradictory ways, abed on their own subjective experiences

therefore, understanding how an individual defines a situation is crucial to understanding the individuals actions and responses to it

34
Q

Sociologists today are not involved in studying small-group interactions for what two reasons

A

The work was much the product of a structural-functionalist perspective, which has become a minority perspective today

Small-groups studies at the time when they were popular lacked a proper consideration of gender, “race,” ethnicity, etc.

35
Q

Social organization is

A

he social and cultural principles around which people and things are structured, ordered, or categorized

36
Q

a social organization based on the equality of members or on the princeple of hierarchy is _______

A

egalitarianism

37
Q

a social organization based on clear, well-defined ranks or levels is

A

hierarchal

38
Q

European societies moved from being states organized around religion (______), to ______ non religious states

and from ______ to _________

A

theocracies to secular

Monarchies to democracies

39
Q

At the heart of organizing principles in Europe are the ways in which a culture produces knowledge about the world based on a particular ________

A

cosmology - an account of the origin and ruling principles of the universe, especially the role of humans in relationship to non-humans (living and non-living)

40
Q

Organizational principles are based on our _______ of the _____ , which is informed by our cosmology

A

knowledge of the world

41
Q

what is an organizational ritual

A

a form of social action in which a group’s values and identity are publicly demonstrated or enacted in a stylized manner, within the context of a specific occasion or event

42
Q

Organizational rituals and symbolic acts are part of an _________ culture

A

an organizational culture

43
Q

Which kind of female organizational structure is professional, bureaucratic, and inclusive, and makes few demands of its members?

A

Formal social movement organizations

44
Q

why was there an increase of organization studies

A

An increase in organizational studies is due to Western capital invested by companies to find ways to increase profits by managing employee behavior and practices more efficiently

45
Q

In her study of feminist organizations, Carol Mueller (1995) identified 3 models that typify the kind of organizational structure that has developed in contrast to traditional, male forms:

A

Formal social movement organizations

Small groups or collectives

Service provider organizations

46
Q

what are formal social movement organizations

A

Are professional
Bureaucratic
Inclusive
Make a few demands of their members

Ex: organizations dedicated to basic women’s rights

47
Q

what are small groups or collectives (organizations)

A

Organized informally
Require large commitments of time, loyalty, and material resources from its members

Ex: publishing companies dedicated to promoting women authors

48
Q

what are service-provider organizations

A

Combine elements of both formal and small group organizations

Ex: organizations dedicated to specific women’s rights such as providing counselling services and protection to victims of domestic abuse

49
Q

where did the term bureaucracy originate

A

eighteenth-century France from the work bureau (“writing desk”)
In other words, the place where officials work

50
Q

who is known for his extensive work or bureaucracy and specifically for his examination of formal rationalization (rationality)

A

Max Weber

51
Q

what is rationality (formal rationalization)

A

a term frequently used in business reports where it serves as a euphemism for firing workers and cutting hobs in an effort to reduce costs and become more efficient

52
Q

The four basic elements of formal rationalization are

A

efficiency
quantification
predictability
and control

53
Q

Scientific management was developed by

A

Frederick W. Taylor

54
Q

substantive rationalisation involved the substance of ____ and _____ norms

A

Substantive rationalization: involves the substance of values and ethical norms

55
Q

what is social facilitation

A

the positive and negative impacts of group membership on a individual

people perform differently when they are in a group vs when they are not

can be unconscious

a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of other can improve ones ability to perform a task

56
Q

when surrounded by other people and being observed people have a tendency to do better on _____ tasks and worse on ______ tasks

A

better on simple tasks
worse on complex tasks

57
Q

social loafing is

A

the presences of other people reducing individual effort

because there’s other people around that can pick up the slack

58
Q

_______ is a form of social influence in which individuals change their behaviour in order to adhere to the group

A

conformity

following the will of the group

59
Q

____ was interested in how group pressure would persuade an individual to give wrong answers simply because the group wanted it

He used the _____ test

A

Asch
(solomon Asch)

line test

60
Q

what is groupthink

who came up with it?

A

the tendency to want to maintain agreement within a group

Irving Janis

61
Q

what is a bureaucracy/ formal organization

A

a formal organization model consisting of an explicit chain of authority and and a set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes that exist within it

62
Q

what are Maw Weber’s 5 characteristics of a bureaucracy?

A

division of labor (clear roles eg. boss)
hierarchy of authority
rules and regulations
Impersonality (expected to do job regardless of personal things)
qualifications (position based on abilities)

63
Q

job descriptions for every position is common in _______

A

Bureaucracies

64
Q

Max weber talked about _____

an analytical construct that clearly depicts all the main features of a social phenomenon but cannot be easily found in reality

A

ideal type

Eg. the traits of a bureaucracy are ideal types, and most bureaucracies will fit into them but not all perfectly
ie. they arent all the same

65
Q

we occupy multiple _______
which require that we enact various _______ in out daily lives

A

we occupy multiple statuses
which require that we enact various roles in our daily lives

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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